Open Problems in History
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Geoscientists

volcanology, ice cores, palaeoclimate, tsunami deposits, river courses

Ice cores, tsunami deposits, tree rings and shifting river courses record events that written sources describe only partly or not at all. These problems need geoscientists to match the physical record with the documentary one.

4 problems need geoscientists

  1. 01
    Where was Agade, the capital of the Sargonic empire?

    Reconstruct late third-millennium Tigris and Diyala channel courses from palaeochannels, building on Gasche and Tanret, and state where buried sites could lie under alluvium.

    Places · Middle East · 2350–539 BCEalso needs archaeologists and GIS specialists
  2. 02
    What caused the cocoliztli epidemics of 1545 and 1576 in New Spain?

    Compare the Stahle gridded soil-moisture reconstructions with dated, georeferenced epidemic reports for 1545 and 1576, and state where drought preceded mortality.

    Disease · Americas · 1545–1581also needs geneticists and epidemiologists
  3. 03
    Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

    Judge whether each candidate passage, with its date range, describes effects and a location consistent with a Sunda megathrust source and the coral-dated 1394 and 1450 windows.

    Chronology · Indian Ocean · 1390–1460also needs philologists
  4. 04
    Which volcanoes caused the great unattributed sulfate spikes in polar ice, above all 1809?

    Sample proximal deposits of the leading candidate volcanoes, date them, and compare their glass chemistry with cryptotephra from the relevant Greenland and Antarctic ice layers.

    Places · Global · 1229–1810also needs archivists

Can you help?

Propose an approach or leave a comment on any problem above, or write to say what you could contribute.

Drafted by Claude Opus 5.5