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Thomas Perkins Abernethy, The Burr Conspiracy, New York: Oxford University Press.What do James Wilkinson's unread coded dispatches to Spanish officials say?

Rodolfo Acuña-Soto, L. Calderón Romero and James H. Maguire, Large epidemics of hemorrhagic fevers in Mexico 1545–1815, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 62 (6): 733–739.What caused the cocoliztli epidemics of 1545 and 1576 in New Spain?

Rodolfo Acuña-Soto, David W. Stahle, Malcolm K. Cleaveland and Matthew D. Therrell, Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century Mexico, Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (4): 360–362.What caused the cocoliztli epidemics of 1545 and 1576 in New Spain?

Rodolfo Acuña-Soto, David W. Stahle, Matthew D. Therrell, Richard D. Griffin and Malcolm K. Cleaveland, When half of the population died: the epidemic of hemorrhagic fevers of 1576 in Mexico, FEMS Microbiology Letters 240 (1): 1–5.What caused the cocoliztli epidemics of 1545 and 1576 in New Spain?

Naima Afif, Siam Bhayro, Grigory Kessel, Peter E. Pormann, William I. Sellers and Natalia Smelova, The Syriac Galen Palimpsest: A Tale of Two Texts, Manuscript Studies 3 (1): 110–154.Which lost works of Galen survive unrecognised in Arabic and Syriac?

Naima Afif, Peter E. Pormann, William I. Sellers, Natalia Smelova and Siam Bhayro, The Syriac Text of Book Nine of On Simple Drugs: New Evidence from the Syriac Galen Palimpsest, Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences 70 (184–185): 130–149.Which lost works of Galen survive unrecognised in Arabic and Syriac?

Mari Agata and Teru Agata, Statistical Analysis of the Gutenberg 42-line Bible Types: Special Focus on Letters with a Suspension Stroke, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 115 (2): 167–183.How did Gutenberg cast his type?

Mari Agata and Teru Agata, Analysis of the Gutenberg 42-line Bible types aided by type-image recognition, Digital Humanities 2022 (ADHO), Tokyo.How did Gutenberg cast his type?

Sumayya Ahmed, Theo Dumothier and Kai Miyabayashi McGinn, The Colonial Adventures of Confiscated Arabic Texts: Ibn Battuta's Rihla Manuscript from North Africa to the French National Library, Library Trends 72 (3): 463–477.Which of the journeys in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Riḥla did he actually make?

Mustafa Akdağ, Celâlî İsyanları (1550–1603), Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.Did the population of Ottoman Anatolia collapse in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treaties of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, ICON 9.By what route did knowledge of gunpowder reach Latin Europe in the thirteenth century?

Aureli Alabert and Luz M. Rangel, Classifying the typefaces of the Gutenberg 42-line bible, International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition 14 (4): 303–317.How did Gutenberg cast his type?

Guido Alfani, Plague in seventeenth-century Europe and the decline of Italy: an epidemiological hypothesis, European Review of Economic History 17 (4): 408–430.Why did plague disappear from western Europe after the early eighteenth century?

John Marco Allegro, The Shapira Affair, Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Were Moses Shapira's Deuteronomy fragments an ancient text or an 1880s forgery?

Robert C. Allen, Agricultural Productivity and Rural Incomes in England and the Yangtze Delta, c.1620–c.1820, Economic History Review 62 (3): 525–550.Were real wages in the Yangzi delta and Bengal comparable to England's before 1750?

Richard B. Allen, Satisfying the "Want for Labouring People": European Slave Trading in the Indian Ocean, 1500–1850, Journal of World History 21 (1): 45–73.How many people were carried in the Indian Ocean slave trades, 1500–1850?

Robert C. Allen, Jean-Pascal Bassino, Debin Ma, Christine Moll-Murata and Jan Luiten van Zanden, Wages, Prices, and Living Standards in China, 1738–1925: In Comparison with Europe, Japan, and India, Economic History Review 64 (S1): 8–38.Were real wages in the Yangzi delta and Bengal comparable to England's before 1750?

Richard B. Allen, European Slave Trading in the Indian Ocean, 1500–1850, Athens: Ohio University Press.How many people were carried in the Indian Ocean slave trades, 1500–1850?

Dennis F. Almeida and George Gheverghese Joseph, Eurocentrism in the History of Mathematics: The Case of the Kerala School, Race & Class 45 (4): 45–59.Did Kerala-school infinite series reach early modern Europe through Jesuit missionaries?

Dennis F. Almeida and George Gheverghese Joseph, Kerala Mathematics and Its Possible Transmission to Europe, in P. Ernest, B. Greer and B. Sriraman (eds), Critical Issues in Mathematics Education, Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, 171–188.Did Kerala-school infinite series reach early modern Europe through Jesuit missionaries?

Edward A. Alpers, Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa: Changing Patterns of International Trade to the Later Nineteenth Century, Berkeley: University of California Press.How many people were carried in the Indian Ocean slave trades, 1500–1850?

Tonio Andrade, The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton: Princeton University Press.By what route did knowledge of gunpowder reach Latin Europe in the thirteenth century?

Anonymous, The Shapira Manuscript of Deuteronomy, Scientific American Supplement 16 (408): 6516.Were Moses Shapira's Deuteronomy fragments an ancient text or an 1880s forgery?

Willi Apel, The Central Problem of Gregorian Chant, Journal of the American Musicological Society 9 (2): 118–127.Did Gregorian chant descend from Old Roman chant, or did both come from a common ancestor?

Andrew B. Appleby, The Disappearance of Plague: A Continuing Puzzle, Economic History Review 33 (2).Why did plague disappear from western Europe after the early eighteenth century?

Blaise Agüera y Arcas, Temporary Matrices and Elemental Punches in Gutenberg's DK Type, in Kristian Jensen, ed., Incunabula and Their Readers: Printing, Selling and Using Books in the Fifteenth Century (London: British Library).How did Gutenberg cast his type?

Marcia Ascher, How Can Spin, Ply, and Knot Direction Contribute to Understanding the Quipu Code?, Latin American Antiquity 16 (1): 99–111.Do khipus record more than numbers, and can their non-numerical signs be read?

Bekir Kemal Ataman, Ottoman demographic history (14th–17th centuries): some considerations, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 35: 187–198.Did the population of Ottoman Anatolia collapse in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

P. A. J. Attema, P. Carafa, W. M. Jongman, C. J. Smith, A. J. Bronkhorst, M. C. Capanna and others, The Roman Hinterland Project: Integrating Archaeological Field Surveys around Rome and Beyond, European Journal of Archaeology 25 (2): 238–258.How large was the Roman citizen population in the late Republic and under Augustus?

Brian F. Atwater, Musumi-Rokkaku Satoko, Satake Kenji, Tsuji Yoshinobu, Ueda Kazue and David K. Yamaguchi, The Orphan Tsunami of 1700: Japanese Clues to a Parent Earthquake in North America, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1707. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

William S. Atwell, International Bullion Flows and the Chinese Economy circa 1530–1650, Past and Present 95: 68–90.How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

Ralph A. Austen, The 19th Century Islamic Slave Trade from East Africa (Swahili and Red Sea Coasts): A Tentative Census, Slavery & Abolition 9 (3): 21–44.How many people were carried in the Indian Ocean slave trades, 1500–1850?

David Ayalon, Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom: A Challenge to a Mediaeval Society, London: Vallentine, Mitchell (repr. Routledge).By what route did knowledge of gunpowder reach Latin Europe in the thirteenth century?

Ugo Baldini and Pier Daniele Napolitani (eds.), Christoph Clavius: Corrispondenza, Pisa: Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Matematica (Quaderni della Sezione di Didattica e Storia della Matematica), 7 vols..Did Kerala-school infinite series reach early modern Europe through Jesuit missionaries?

Ugo Baldini, The Portuguese Assistancy of the Society of Jesus and scientific activities in its Asian missions until 1640, in History of Mathematical Sciences: Portugal and East Asia III, ed. Luís Saraiva and Catherine Jami (World Scientific).Did Kerala-school infinite series reach early modern Europe through Jesuit missionaries?

Gustavo A. Ballen, Klára Hedvika Mühlová and Jan Hajič jr, What did the dove sing to Pope Gregory? Ancestral melody reconstruction in Gregorian chant using Bayesian phylogenetics, PLOS ONE 21 (5): e0350014.Did Gregorian chant descend from Old Roman chant, or did both come from a common ancestor?

Guy Bar-Oz, Lior Weissbrod, Tali Erickson-Gini and others, Ancient trash mounds unravel urban collapse a century before the end of Byzantine hegemony in the southern Levant, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (17): 8239–8248.How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

Kathryn A. Bard and Rodolfo Fattovich (eds.), Harbor of the Pharaohs to the Land of Punt: Archaeological Investigations at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, Egypt, 2001–2005, Naples: Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale".Where was the land of Punt?

Kathryn A. Bard and Rodolfo Fattovich, Spatial Use of the Twelfth Dynasty Harbor at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis for the Seafaring Expeditions to Punt, Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 2 (3).Where was the land of Punt?

Kathryn A. Bard and Rodolfo Fattovich, Seafaring Expeditions to Punt in the Middle Kingdom: Excavations at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, Egypt, Leiden: Brill.Where was the land of Punt?

Gojko Barjamovic, Thomas Hertel and Mogens Trolle Larsen, Ups and Downs at Kanesh: Chronology, History and Society in the Old Assyrian Period, PIHANS 120 / Old Assyrian Archives Studies 5. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.What is the absolute chronology of early second-millennium BCE Mesopotamia?

Ömer Lütfi Barkan, Essai sur les données statistiques des registres de recensement dans l'Empire ottoman aux XVe et XVIe siècles, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 1 (1): 9–36.Did the population of Ottoman Anatolia collapse in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Gina L. Barnes, State Formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-Century Ruling Elite, London and New York: Routledge.Where was Yamatai, the realm of Queen Himiko?

Ward Barrett, World Bullion Flows, 1450–1800, in James D. Tracy (ed.), The Rise of Merchant Empires, Cambridge University Press, 224–254.How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

Thomas S. Barthel, Grundlagen zur Entzifferung der Osterinselschrift, Hamburg: Cram, de Gruyter.Was rongorongo an independent invention of writing?

Jörg Baten, Debin Ma, Stephen Morgan and Qing Wang, Evolution of living standards and human capital in China in the 18–20th centuries: Evidences from real wages, age-heaping, and anthropometrics, Explorations in Economic History 47 (3): 347–359.How literate was the population of late imperial China?

C. F. Beckingham, The Riḥla: Fact or Fiction?, in I. R. Netton (ed.), Golden Roads: Migration, Pilgrimage and Travel in Mediaeval and Modern Islam. Richmond: Curzon, 86–94.Which of the journeys in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Riḥla did he actually make?

Julius Beloch, Die Bevölkerung der griechisch-römischen Welt, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.How large was the Roman citizen population in the late Republic and under Augustus?

Emmett L. Bennett, Jr., Fractional Quantities in Minoan Bookkeeping, American Journal of Archaeology 54 (3): 204–222.What language does Linear A record, and can any proposed family beat chance?

Gotthelf Bergsträsser, Hunain ibn Ishaq über die syrischen und arabischen Galen-Übersetzungen, Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 17 (2). Leipzig: Brockhaus.Which lost works of Galen survive unrecognised in Arabic and Syriac?

Marcellin Berthelot, Histoire des sciences: La chimie au moyen âge, tome 1, Paris: Imprimerie nationale.By what route did knowledge of gunpowder reach Latin Europe in the thirteenth century?

Siam Bhayro, Robert Hawley, Grigory Kessel and Peter E. Pormann, The Syriac Galen Palimpsest: Progress, Prospects and Problems, Journal of Semitic Studies 58 (1): 131–148.Which lost works of Galen survive unrecognised in Arabic and Syriac?

Arne Bialuschewski and Linford D. Fisher, Guest Editors' Introduction: New Directions in the History of Native American Slavery Studies, Ethnohistory 64 (1): 1–17.How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

Jean-Noël Biraben and Jacques Le Goff, La peste dans le Haut Moyen Age, Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations 24 (6): 1484–1510.How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

Jean-Noël Biraben, Les hommes et la peste en France et dans les pays européens et méditerranéens, 2 vols. Paris and The Hague: Mouton, 1975–1976.Why did plague disappear from western Europe after the early eighteenth century?

University of Birmingham, Cadbury Research Library, Birmingham Qur'an manuscript dated among the oldest in the world, University of Birmingham news release, 22 July 2015.When was the consonantal text of the Qurʾān standardized?

Yasumoto Biten, Jiji koron 8: Makimuku iseki shutsudo no momo no kaku nendai sokutei (zenpen), Kikan Yamataikoku 135: 92–144.Where was Yamatai, the realm of Queen Himiko?

Viktor Blåsjö, A Critique of the Arguments for Maragha Influence on Copernicus, Journal for the History of Astronomy 45 (2): 183–195.How, if at all, did Copernicus learn of the Maragha-school planetary models?

Viktor Blåsjö, A Rebuttal of Recent Arguments for Maragha Influence on Copernicus, Studia Historiae Scientiarum 17: 479–497.How, if at all, did Copernicus learn of the Maragha-school planetary models?

Roger Blench, Morphological Evidence for the Coherence of East Sudanic, Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies 7: 264–311.Can the Meroitic language be translated beyond its funerary formulae?

Fred H. Blume, Annotated Justinian Code, 2nd edition, translated by Blume and edited by Timothy Kearley, University of Wyoming College of Law (online).How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

Mariano Bonialian, China en la América colonial: Bienes, mercados, comercio y cultura del consumo desde México hasta Buenos Aires, México: Instituto Mora; Buenos Aires: Biblos.How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

Mario Di Bono, Copernicus, Amico, Fracastoro and Ṭūsī's Device: Observations on the Use and Transmission of a Model, Journal for the History of Astronomy 26 (2): 133–154.How, if at all, did Copernicus learn of the Maragha-school planetary models?

Woodrow Borah and Sherburne F. Cook, The Aboriginal Population of Central Mexico on the Eve of the Spanish Conquest, Ibero-Americana 45, Berkeley: University of California Press.How many people lived in the Americas in 1492?

Logan Born, Kathryn Kelley, Nishant Kambhatla, Carolyn Chen and Anoop Sarkar, Sign Clustering and Topic Extraction in Proto-Elamite, Proceedings of the 3rd Joint SIGHUM Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature: 122–132.Does Proto-Elamite record language, and is it the ancestor of Linear Elamite?

Logan Born, Kathryn Kelley, M. Willis Monroe and Anoop Sarkar, Compositionality of Complex Graphemes in the Undeciphered Proto-Elamite Script using Image and Text Embedding Models, Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021: 4136–4146.Does Proto-Elamite record language, and is it the ancestor of Linear Elamite?

Kirsten I. Bos et al., A Draft Genome of Yersinia pestis from Victims of the Black Death, Nature 478: 506–510.Did the Black Death reach sub-Saharan Africa in the fourteenth century?

Kirsten I. Bos, Alexander Herbig, Jason Sahl, Nicholas Waglechner, Mathieu Fourment, Stephen A. Forrest et al., Eighteenth century Yersinia pestis genomes reveal the long-term persistence of an historical plague focus, eLife 5: e12994.Why did plague disappear from western Europe after the early eighteenth century?

Véronique Boudon-Millot and Antoine Pietrobelli, De l'arabe au grec: un nouveau témoin du texte de Galien (le Vlatadon 14), Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 149 (2): 497–534.Which lost works of Galen survive unrecognised in Arabic and Syriac?

Miriam Bravo-Lopez, Eduardo Arrieta-Donato, Viridiana Villa-Islas, Åshild J. Vågene et al. and María C. Ávila-Arcos, Ancient genomic insights into Salmonella enterica Paratyphi C from Central Mexico, bioRxiv preprint 2025.10.13.681940.What caused the cocoliztli epidemics of 1545 and 1576 in New Spain?

Benjamin Breen, The Age of Intoxication: Origins of the Global Drug Trade, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Who supplied the medical knowledge that Hans Sloane's catalogues attribute to unnamed people?

David Bressoud, Was Calculus Invented in India?, The College Mathematics Journal 33 (1): 2–13.Did Kerala-school infinite series reach early modern Europe through Jesuit missionaries?

Francis Breyer, Punt: Die Suche nach dem "Gottesland", Leiden: Brill (Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 80).Where was the land of Punt?

Andrew Benjamin Bricker, Who was "A. Moore"? The Attribution of Eighteenth-Century Publications with False and Misleading Imprints, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 110 (2): 181–214.Who printed the anonymous and false-imprint books of eighteenth-century Britain?

Andrew Benjamin Bricker, Libel and Lampoon: Satire in the Courts, 1670–1792, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Who printed the anonymous and false-imprint books of eighteenth-century Britain?

Esther S. Brielle et al., Entwined African and Asian Genetic Roots of Medieval Peoples of the Swahili Coast, Nature 615: 866–873.Did the Black Death reach sub-Saharan Africa in the fourteenth century?

Stephen Broadberry and Bishnupriya Gupta, The Early Modern Great Divergence: Wages, Prices and Economic Development in Europe and Asia, 1500–1800, Economic History Review 59 (1): 2–31.Were real wages in the Yangzi delta and Bengal comparable to England's before 1750?

Stephen Broadberry, Johann Custodis and Bishnupriya Gupta, India and the Great Divergence: An Anglo-Indian Comparison of GDP per Capita, 1600–1871, Explorations in Economic History 55: 58–75.Were real wages in the Yangzi delta and Bengal comparable to England's before 1750?

Stephen Broadberry, Hanhui Guan and David Daokui Li, China, Europe, and the Great Divergence: A Study in Historical National Accounting, 980–1850, Journal of Economic History 78 (4).How many people lived in China around 1600, and how many died between 1620 and 1680?Were real wages in the Yangzi delta and Bengal comparable to England's before 1750?

Cynthia J. Brokaw, Commerce in Culture: The Sibao Book Trade in the Qing and Republican Periods, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center (Harvard East Asian Monographs 280).How literate was the population of late imperial China?

Barry W. Brook, Stephen R. Sleightholme, Cameron R. Campbell and Jessie C. Buettel, Deficiencies in estimating the extinction date of the thylacine with mixed certainty data, Conservation Biology 32 (5): 1195–1197.When did the thylacine go extinct in the wild?

Barry W. Brook, Jessie C. Buettel and Ivan Jarić, A fast re-sampling method for using reliability ratings of sightings with extinction-date estimators, Ecology 100 (9): e02787.When did the thylacine go extinct in the wild?

Barry W. Brook, Stephen R. Sleightholme, Cameron R. Campbell, Ivan Jarić and Jessie C. Buettel, Resolving when (and where) the Thylacine went extinct, Science of the Total Environment 877: 162878.When did the thylacine go extinct in the wild?

Barry W. Brook, Stephen R. Sleightholme, Cameron R. Campbell, Ivan Jarić and Jessie C. Buettel, The Tasmanian Thylacine Sighting Record Database (TTSRD): 1,223 quality-rated and geo-located Thylacine observations from 1910 to 2019, Australian Zoologist 43 (3): 419–435.When did the thylacine go extinct in the wild?

James F. Brooks, Captives and Cousins: Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest Borderlands, Chapel Hill: Omohundro Institute / University of North Carolina Press.How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

Gerald M. Browne, Old Nubian Dictionary, Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Subsidia. Leuven: Peeters.Can the Meroitic language be translated beyond its funerary formulae?

Flavia Bruni and Andrew Pettegree, eds., Lost Books: Reconstructing the Print World of Pre-Industrial Europe, Leiden: Brill (Library of the Written Word 46).How many early printed editions have been lost without trace?

P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower 225 B.C.–A.D. 14, Oxford: Clarendon Press.How large was the Roman citizen population in the late Republic and under Augustus?

Kevin R. Burgio, Colin J. Carlson, Alexander L. Bond, Margaret A. Rubega and Morgan W. Tingley, The two extinctions of the Carolina Parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis, Bird Conservation International.What new evidence can fix when and why five historically extinct species disappeared?

Eltjo Buringh and Jan Luiten van Zanden, Charting the 'Rise of the West': Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries, Journal of Economic History 69 (2): 409–445.How many early printed editions have been lost without trace?

Enver Çakar, 17. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısında Antakya Kazasında İskân ve Nüfus (1678/1089 Tarihli Avârız-Hâne Defterine Göre), Belleten 68 (252): 431–460.Did the population of Ottoman Anatolia collapse in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Jean-Baptiste Camps, Julien Randon-Furling and Ulysse Godreau, On the transmission of texts: written cultures as complex systems, arXiv preprint 2505.19246.How many early printed editions have been lost without trace?

Nicholas Canny, Making Ireland British, 1580–1650, Oxford: Oxford University Press.How many people were killed in the Irish rising of 1641?

Marcello A. Canuto, Francisco Estrada-Belli, Thomas G. Garrison et al., Ancient lowland Maya complexity as revealed by airborne laser scanning of northern Guatemala, Science 361 (6409): eaau0137.How many people lived in the Americas in 1492?

Cao Shuji 曹树基, Zhongguo renkou shi, di si juan: Ming shiqi 中国人口史 第四卷 明时期, Shanghai: Fudan daxue chubanshe (Ge Jianxiong, ed., Zhongguo renkou shi).How many people lived in China around 1600, and how many died between 1620 and 1680?

Shuji Cao, Dong Yan and Richard von Glahn, Population Change, The Cambridge Economic History of China, vol. 1, ed. Debin Ma and Richard von Glahn, 300–339.How many people lived in China around 1600, and how many died between 1620 and 1680?

Shuji Cao, The Population History of China (1368–1953), Leiden: Brill (Quantitative Economic History of China).How many people lived in China around 1600, and how many died between 1620 and 1680?

Oscar René Benavides Cárabes and Carlos Viesca Treviño, Changes in indigenous dress and the cocoliztli epidemic of 1544–1548 in New Spain, Social Medicine 14 (1): 20–27.What caused the cocoliztli epidemics of 1545 and 1576 in New Spain?

Colin J. Carlson, Alexander L. Bond and Kevin R. Burgio, Estimating the extinction date of the thylacine with mixed certainty data, Conservation Biology 32 (2): 477–483.When did the thylacine go extinct in the wild?

Harry Carter, A View of Early Typography up to about 1600, Oxford: Clarendon Press (Lyell Lectures 1968); reprinted London: Hyphen Press, 2002.How did Gutenberg cast his type?

Elio Lo Cascio, The Size of the Roman Population: Beloch and the Meaning of the Augustan Census Figures, Journal of Roman Studies 84: 23–40.How large was the Roman citizen population in the late Republic and under Augustus?

Victoria Ríos Castaño, Religion over Life and Death. The Cocoliztli in the Florentine Codex, in R. Radlwimmer (ed.), Bodies, Remedies, Policies. Berlin: De Gruyter: 69–88.What caused the cocoliztli epidemics of 1545 and 1576 in New Spain?

Éléonore Cellard, Codex Amrensis 1, Leiden: Brill.When was the consonantal text of the Qurʾān standardized?

Colin Chase, ed., The Dating of Beowulf, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.When was Beowulf composed?

Kenneth Chase, Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.By what route did knowledge of gunpowder reach Latin Europe in the thirteenth century?

Alex Chase-Levenson, The Yellow Flag: Quarantine and the British Mediterranean World, 1780–1860, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Why did plague disappear from western Europe after the early eighteenth century?

Anthony S. Cheke and Jolyon C. Parish, The Dodo and the Red Hen, A Saga of Extinction, Misunderstanding, and Name Transfer: A Review, Quaternary 3 (1): 4.What new evidence can fix when and why five historically extinct species disappeared?

CHGIS (Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies, Harvard University, and Center for Historical Geographical Studies, Fudan University), China Historical GIS, Version 6, Harvard Dataverse.How much iron did Song China produce in the eleventh century?

Gérard L. Chouin and Christopher R. DeCorse, Prelude to the Atlantic Trade: New Perspectives on Southern Ghana's Pre-Atlantic History (800–1500), Journal of African History 51 (2): 123–145.Did the Black Death reach sub-Saharan Africa in the fourteenth century?

Gérard Chouin, Reflections on Plague in African History (14th–19th c.), Afriques 09.Did the Black Death reach sub-Saharan Africa in the fourteenth century?

Christopher Chu, Raphael Valenti and Kevin Knight, Solving Historical Dictionary Codes with a Neural Language Model, Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: 5845–5854.What do James Wilkinson's unread coded dispatches to Spanish officials say?

William Gervase Clarence-Smith (ed.), The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century, London: Frank Cass.How many people were carried in the Indian Ocean slave trades, 1500–1850?

Aidan Clarke, The '1641 Massacres', in Micheál Ó Siochrú and Jane Ohlmeyer (eds.), Ireland 1641: Contexts and Reactions (Manchester University Press), 37–51.How many people were killed in the Irish rising of 1641?

Aidan Clarke (principal ed.) et al., The 1641 Depositions, Dublin: Irish Manuscripts Commission, 12 vols., 2014–2020.How many people were killed in the Irish rising of 1641?

Charles Clermont-Ganneau, Les fraudes archéologiques en Palestine, suivies de quelques monuments phéniciens apocryphes, Paris: Ernest Leroux.Were Moses Shapira's Deuteronomy fragments an ancient text or an 1880s forgery?

Jon Clindaniel, Toward a Grammar of the Inka Khipu: Investigating the Production of Non-numerical Signs, PhD dissertation, Harvard University.Do khipus record more than numbers, and can their non-numerical signs be read?

Paul A. Cohen, Review of Education and Popular Literacy in Ch'ing China, by Evelyn S. Rawski, Journal of Asian Studies.How literate was the population of late imperial China?

Jihong Cole-Dai, David Ferris, Alyson Lanciki, Joël Savarino et al., Cold decade (AD 1810–1819) caused by Tambora (1815) and another (1809) stratospheric volcanic eruption, Geophysical Research Letters 36 (22).Which volcanoes caused the great unattributed sulfate spikes in polar ice, above all 1809?

Jihong Cole-Dai, David G. Ferris, Alyson L. Lanciki, Joël Savarino et al., Two likely stratospheric volcanic eruptions in the 1450s C.E. found in a bipolar, subannually dated 800 year ice core record, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118 (14): 7459–7466.Which volcanoes caused the great unattributed sulfate spikes in polar ice, above all 1809?

Jihong Cole-Dai, Derek L. Brandis, Dave G. Ferris et al., Five Large 13th Century C.E. Volcanic Eruptions Recorded in Antarctica Ice Cores, Atmosphere 15 (6): 661.Which volcanoes caused the great unattributed sulfate spikes in polar ice, above all 1809?

Hadrien Collet, Deviser les merveilles du monde, Annales islamologiques 51: 85–109.Which of the journeys in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Riḥla did he actually make?

Stephan Conermann, Die Beschreibung Indiens in der Riḥla des Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, Berlin: Klaus Schwarz.Which of the journeys in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Riḥla did he actually make?

M. A. Cook, Population Pressure in Rural Anatolia, 1450–1600, London: Oxford University Press (London Oriental Series 27).Did the population of Ottoman Anatolia collapse in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Noble David Cook and W. George Lovell (eds.), "Secret Judgments of God": Old World Disease in Colonial Spanish America, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.What caused the cocoliztli epidemics of 1545 and 1576 in New Spain?

Noble David Cook, Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.What caused the cocoliztli epidemics of 1545 and 1576 in New Spain?

Michael Cook, The Stemma of the Regional Codices of the Koran, Graeco-Arabica 9–10.When was the consonantal text of the Qurʾān standardized?

Jerrold S. Cooper, The Curse of Agade, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Where was Agade, the capital of the Sargonic empire?

Julien Cooper, Toponymy on the Periphery: Placenames of the Eastern Desert, Red Sea, and South Sinai in Egyptian Documents from the Early Dynastic until the End of the New Kingdom, Leiden: Brill (Probleme der Ägyptologie).Where was the land of Punt?

Michele Corazza, Silvia Ferrara, Barbara Montecchi, Fabio Tamburini and Miguel Valério, The mathematical values of fraction signs in the Linear A script: A computational, statistical and typological approach, Journal of Archaeological Science 125: 105214.What language does Linear A record, and can any proposed family beat chance?

Metin M. Coşgel, Ottoman Tax Registers (Tahrir Defterleri), Historical Methods 37 (2): 87–102.Did the population of Ottoman Anatolia collapse in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

David Cressy, Literacy and the Social Order: Reading and Writing in Tudor and Stuart England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.How literate was the population of late imperial China?

Brian Mac Cuarta (ed.), Ulster 1641: Aspects of the Rising, Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University Belfast.How many people were killed in the Irish rising of 1641?

Jacob L. Dahl, Complex Graphemes in Proto-Elamite, Cuneiform Digital Library Journal 2005:3.Does Proto-Elamite record language, and is it the ancestor of Linear Elamite?

Jacob L. Dahl, Early Writing in Iran, a Reappraisal, Iran 47 (1): 23–31.Does Proto-Elamite record language, and is it the ancestor of Linear Elamite?

Jacob L. Dahl, The Marks of Early Writing, Iran 50 (1): 1–11.Does Proto-Elamite record language, and is it the ancestor of Linear Elamite?

Jacob L. Dahl, The Proto-Elamite Writing System, in Javier Álvarez-Mon, Gian Pietro Basello and Yasmina Wicks (eds.), The Elamite World. London: Routledge, 383–396.Does Proto-Elamite record language, and is it the ancestor of Linear Elamite?

Jacob L. Dahl, Tablettes et fragments proto-élamites / Proto-Elamite Tablets and Fragments, Textes cunéiformes du Louvre 32. Paris: Éditions Khéops and Louvre éditions.Does Proto-Elamite record language, and is it the ancestor of Linear Elamite?

Jacob L. Dahl, Proto-Elamite and Linear Elamite, a Misunderstood Relationship?, Akkadica 144 (2).Does Proto-Elamite record language, and is it the ancestor of Linear Elamite?

Jihong Dai, Ellen Mosley-Thompson and Lonnie G. Thompson, Ice core evidence for an explosive tropical volcanic eruption 6 years preceding Tambora, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 96 (D9): 17361–17366.Which volcanoes caused the great unattributed sulfate spikes in polar ice, above all 1809?

Patrick Daly, Kerry Sieh, Tai Yew Seng et al., Archaeological evidence that a late 14th-century tsunami devastated the coast of northern Sumatra and redirected history, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (24): 11679–11686.Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

Patrick Daly, E. Edwards McKinnon, R. Michael Feener et al., The Historic Trading Port of Lamri on the North Sumatran Coast, Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 105: 115–144.Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

A. K. Dambis and Yu. N. Efremov, Dating Ptolemy's Star Catalogue through Proper Motions: The Hipparchan Epoch, Journal for the History of Astronomy 31 (2): 115–134.Did Ptolemy observe the Almagest star catalogue or adapt Hipparchus's?

Eamon Darcy, Annaleigh Margey and Elaine Murphy (eds.), The 1641 Depositions and the Irish Rebellion, London: Pickering & Chatto.How many people were killed in the Irish rising of 1641?

Eamon Darcy, The Irish Rebellion of 1641 and the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Woodbridge: Royal Historical Society / Boydell Press.How many people were killed in the Irish rising of 1641?

Brent Davis, Minoan Stone Vessels with Linear A Inscriptions, Aegaeum 36. Leuven and Liège: Peeters.What language does Linear A record, and can any proposed family beat chance?

Brent Davis, The Undeciphered Aegean Scripts: Linguistic Investigations into the Languages They Encode, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.What language does Linear A record, and can any proposed family beat chance?

Albert Davletshin, Numerals and phonetic complements in the Kohau rongorongo script of Easter Island, Journal of the Polynesian Society 121 (3): 243–274.Was rongorongo an independent invention of writing?

Albert Davletshin, The script of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) is logosyllabic, the language is East Polynesian: evidence from cross-readings, Journal of the Polynesian Society 131 (2): 185–220.Was rongorongo an independent invention of writing?

Geoffrey Day, Who was "A. Moore"? Waste Paper as a Means of Identification, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 118 (3): 443–450.Who printed the anonymous and false-imprint books of eighteenth-century Britain?

Katharine R. Dean, Fabienne Krauer, Lars Walløe, Ole Christian Lingjærde, Barbara Bramanti, Nils Chr. Stenseth and Boris V. Schmid, Human ectoparasites and the spread of plague in Europe during the Second Pandemic, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (6): 1304–1309.Why did plague disappear from western Europe after the early eighteenth century?

C. Defrémery and B. R. Sanguinetti, Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah, texte arabe accompagné d'une traduction, 4 vols. Paris: Société asiatique / Imprimerie impériale, 1853–1858.Which of the journeys in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Riḥla did he actually make?

James Delbourgo, Listing People, Isis 103 (4): 735–742.Who supplied the medical knowledge that Hans Sloane's catalogues attribute to unnamed people?

James Delbourgo, Collecting the World: Hans Sloane and the Origins of the British Museum, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Who supplied the medical knowledge that Hans Sloane's catalogues attribute to unnamed people?

William M. Denevan (ed.), The Native Population of the Americas in 1492, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2nd ed. (1st ed. 1976).How many people lived in the Americas in 1492?

Kent G. Deng, Fact or Fiction? Re-examination of Chinese Premodern Population Statistics, LSE Economic History Working Paper 76/03.How many people lived in China around 1600, and how many died between 1620 and 1680?

Kent G. Deng, Miracle or Mirage? Foreign Silver, China's Economy and Globalization from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries, Pacific Economic Review 13 (3): 320–357.How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

Kent Deng and Patrick O'Brien, Establishing Statistical Foundations of a Chronology for the Great Divergence: A Survey and Critique of the Primary Sources for the Construction of Relative Wage Levels for Ming–Qing China, Economic History Review 69 (4): 1057–1082.Were real wages in the Yangzi delta and Bengal comparable to England's before 1750?

Marie-Laure Derat, Du lexique aux talismans: occurrences de la peste dans la Corne de l'Afrique du XIIIe au XVe siècle, Afriques 09.Did the Black Death reach sub-Saharan Africa in the fourteenth century?

François Déroche, La transmission écrite du Coran dans les débuts de l'islam: le codex Parisino-petropolitanus, Leiden: Brill.When was the consonantal text of the Qurʾān standardized?

François Déroche, Qur'ans of the Umayyads: A First Overview, Leiden: Brill.When was the consonantal text of the Qurʾān standardized?

Idan Dershowitz, The Valediction of Moses: New Evidence on the Shapira Deuteronomy Fragments, Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 133 (1): 1–22.Were Moses Shapira's Deuteronomy fragments an ancient text or an 1880s forgery?

Idan Dershowitz, The Valediction of Moses: A Proto-Biblical Book, Forschungen zum Alten Testament. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Were Moses Shapira's Deuteronomy fragments an ancient text or an 1880s forgery?

François Desset, The Proto-Elamite Writing in Iran, Archéo-Nil: 67–104.Does Proto-Elamite record language, and is it the ancestor of Linear Elamite?

François Desset, Linear Elamite Writing, in Javier Álvarez-Mon, Gian Pietro Basello and Yasmina Wicks (eds.), The Elamite World. London: Routledge, 397–415.Does Proto-Elamite record language, and is it the ancestor of Linear Elamite?

François Desset, Kambiz Tabibzadeh, Matthieu Kervran, Gian Pietro Basello and Gianni Marchesi, The Decipherment of Linear Elamite Writing, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 112 (1): 11–60.Does Proto-Elamite record language, and is it the ancestor of Linear Elamite?

Nancy E. van Deusen, Global Indios: The Indigenous Struggle for Justice in Sixteenth-Century Spain, Durham: Duke University Press.How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

Peter J. van Dijk and T. H. Noel Ellis, The Full Breadth of Mendel's Genetics, Genetics 204 (4): 1327–1336.Were Mendel's pea-hybrid data too close to expectation, and if so, why?

Peter J. van Dijk, Franz J. Weissing and T. H. Noel Ellis, How Mendel's Interest in Inheritance Grew out of Plant Improvement, Genetics 210 (2): 347–355.Were Mendel's pea-hybrid data too close to expectation, and if so, why?

P. P. Divakaran, The Mathematics of India: Concepts, Methods, Connections, Singapore: Springer.Did Kerala-school infinite series reach early modern Europe through Jesuit missionaries?

D. M. Dixon, The Transplantation of Punt Incense Trees in Egypt, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 55: 55–65.Where was the land of Punt?

B. J. T. Dobbs, The Foundations of Newton's Alchemy, or 'The Hunting of the Greene Lyon', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.What texts did Newton copy in the alchemical manuscripts whose sources are unidentified?

B. J. T. Dobbs, The Janus Faces of Genius: The Role of Alchemy in Newton's Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.What texts did Newton copy in the alchemical manuscripts whose sources are unidentified?

Henry F. Dobyns, Estimating Aboriginal American Population: An Appraisal of Techniques with a New Hemispheric Estimate, Current Anthropology 7 (4): 395–416.How many people lived in the Americas in 1492?

Nathaniel J. Dominy, Salima Ikram, Gillian L. Moritz, Patrick V. Wheatley, John N. Christensen, Jonathan W. Chipman and Paul L. Koch, Mummified baboons reveal the far reach of early Egyptian mariners, eLife 9: e60860.Where was the land of Punt?

Dennis W. Duke, Dating the Almagest Star Catalogue Using Proper Motions: A Reconsideration, Journal for the History of Astronomy 33 (1): 45–55.Did Ptolemy observe the Almagest star catalogue or adapt Hipparchus's?

Ross E. Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century, London: Croom Helm; revised ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.Which of the journeys in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Riḥla did he actually make?

Joseph Dyer, Tropis semper variantibus: Compositional Strategies in the Offertories of Old Roman Chant, Early Music History 17: 1–60.Did Gregorian chant descend from Old Roman chant, or did both come from a common ancestor?

Edward A. Eckert, The Retreat of Plague from Central Europe, 1640–1720: A Geomedical Approach, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 74 (1): 1–28.Why did plague disappear from western Europe after the early eighteenth century?

A. W. F. Edwards, Are Mendel's Results Really Too Close?, Biological Reviews 61 (4): 295–312.Were Mendel's pea-hybrid data too close to expectation, and if so, why?

Walter Edwards, In Pursuit of Himiko: Postwar Archaeology and the Location of Yamatai, Monumenta Nipponica 51 (1).Where was Yamatai, the realm of Queen Himiko?

Walter Edwards, Mirrors on Ancient Yamato: The Kurozuka Kofun Discovery and the Question of Yamatai, Monumenta Nipponica 54 (1).Where was Yamatai, the realm of Queen Himiko?

Bradley Efron and Ronald Thisted, Estimating the number of unseen species: How many words did Shakespeare know?, Biometrika 63 (3): 435–447.How many early printed editions have been lost without trace?

Merle Eisenberg and Lee Mordechai, The Justinianic Plague and Global Pandemics: The Making of the Plague Concept, American Historical Review 125 (5): 1632–1667.How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

Falk Eisermann, The Gutenberg Galaxy's Dark Matter: Lost Incunabula, and Ways to Retrieve Them, in Bruni and Pettegree, eds., Lost Books (Leiden: Brill), 29–54.How many early printed editions have been lost without trace?

Amikam Elad, The description of the travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa in Palestine: is it original?, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 119 (2): 256–272.Which of the journeys in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Riḥla did he actually make?

Ralf Elger, Lying, Forging, Plagiarism: Some Narrative Techniques in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Travelogue, in R. Elger and Y. Köse (eds.), Many Ways of Speaking about the Self. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Which of the journeys in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Riḥla did he actually make?

T. H. Noel Ellis, Julie M. I. Hofer, Gail M. Timmerman-Vaughan, Clarice J. Coyne and Roger P. Hellens, Mendel, 150 Years On, Trends in Plant Science 16 (11): 590–596.Were Mendel's pea-hybrid data too close to expectation, and if so, why?

T. H. Noel Ellis, Julie M. I. Hofer, Eleni Vikeli, Michael J. Ambrose, Paola Higuera-Poveda, Luzie U. Wingen and Noam Chayut, Mendel's Pea Crosses: Varieties, Traits and Statistics, Hereditas 156: 33.Were Mendel's pea-hybrid data too close to expectation, and if so, why?

Chris S. Elphick, David L. Roberts and J. Michael Reed, Estimated dates of recent extinctions for North American and Hawaiian birds, Biological Conservation 143 (3): 617–624.What new evidence can fix when and why five historically extinct species disappeared?

Robert K. Englund, The State of Decipherment of Proto-Elamite, in Stephen D. Houston (ed.), The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 100–149.Does Proto-Elamite record language, and is it the ancestor of Linear Elamite?

Leila Erder and Suraiya Faroqhi, Population rise and fall in Anatolia 1550–1620, Middle Eastern Studies 15 (3): 322–345.Did the population of Ottoman Anatolia collapse in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

James A. Estes, Alexander Burdin and Daniel F. Doak, Sea otters, kelp forests, and the extinction of Steller's sea cow, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (4): 880–885.What new evidence can fix when and why five historically extinct species disappeared?

James Evans, On the Origin of the Ptolemaic Star Catalogue (Parts 1 and 2), Journal for the History of Astronomy 18 (3): 155–172; 18 (4): 233–278.Did Ptolemy observe the Almagest star catalogue or adapt Hipparchus's?

Daniel J. Fairbanks and Bryce Rytting, Mendelian Controversies: A Botanical and Historical Review, American Journal of Botany 88 (5): 737–752.Were Mendel's pea-hybrid data too close to expectation, and if so, why?

Daniel J. Fairbanks and G. Bruce Schaalje, The Tetrad-Pollen Model Fails to Explain the Bias in Mendel's Pea (Pisum sativum) Experiments, Genetics 177 (4): 2531–2534.Were Mendel's pea-hybrid data too close to expectation, and if so, why?

Steve Farmer, Richard Sproat and Michael Witzel, The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization, Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 11 (2): 19–57.Does the Indus script encode language, or a non-linguistic sign system?

Rodolfo Fattovich, Egypt's trade with Punt: New discoveries on the Red Sea coast, British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 18.Where was the land of Punt?

François-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar and Bertrand Hirsch, Voyage aux frontières du monde: topographie narrative de l'Afrique subsaharienne d'Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, Afrique & histoire 1 (1): 75–122.Which of the journeys in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Riḥla did he actually make?

Alba Fedeli, Digital Humanities and Qur'ānic Manuscript Studies: New Perspectives and Challenges for Collaborative Spaces and Plural Views, Journal of College of Sharia and Islamic Studies 38 (1).When was the consonantal text of the Qurʾān standardized?

Charles Y. Feigin, Axel H. Newton, Liliya Doronina et al., Genome of the Tasmanian tiger provides insights into the evolution and demography of an extinct marsupial carnivore, Nature Ecology & Evolution 2 (1): 182–192.When did the thylacine go extinct in the wild?

Elizabeth Fentress, Peopling the Countryside: Roman Demography in the Albegna Valley and Jerba, in A. Bowman and A. Wilson (eds.), Quantifying the Roman Economy: Methods and Problems (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 127–162.How large was the Roman citizen population in the late Republic and under Augustus?

Silvia Ferrara, Laura Tassoni, Bernd Kromer, Lukas Wacker, Michael Friedrich, Francesca Tonini, Lorenzo Lastilla, Roberta Ravanelli and Sahra Talamo, The invention of writing on Rapa Nui (Easter Island). New radiocarbon dates on the Rongorongo script, Scientific Reports 14: 2794.Was rongorongo an independent invention of writing?

Gerhard Fichtner, Corpus Galenicum: Verzeichnis der galenischen und pseudogalenischen Schriften, Tübingen: Institut für Geschichte der Medizin; later editions updated online by the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy (CMG).Which lost works of Galen survive unrecognised in Arabic and Syriac?

Karin Figala, Newton as Alchemist, History of Science 15 (2): 102–137.What texts did Newton copy in the alchemical manuscripts whose sources are unidentified?

Karin Figala, John Harrison and Ulrich Petzoldt, De scriptoribus chemicis: Sources for the Establishment of Isaac Newton's (Al)chemical Library, in P. M. Harman and A. E. Shapiro (eds.), The Investigation of Difficult Things. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 135–179.What texts did Newton copy in the alchemical manuscripts whose sources are unidentified?

Daniel A. Fink, Vermeer's Use of the Camera Obscura: A Comparative Study, The Art Bulletin 53 (4): 493–505.Did Vermeer use a camera obscura or other optical aids?

Margalit Finkelberg, Minoan Inscriptions on Libation Vessels, Minos 25–26 (1990–1991).What language does Linear A record, and can any proposed family beat chance?

Guillem Mas Fiol et al., Global Evolutionary Patterns of Yersinia pestis and Its Spread into Africa, bioRxiv preprint.Did the Black Death reach sub-Saharan Africa in the fourteenth century?

Steven Roger Fischer, Rongorongo: The Easter Island Script. History, Traditions, Texts, Oxford: Clarendon Press.Was rongorongo an independent invention of writing?

R. A. Fisher, Has Mendel's Work Been Rediscovered?, Annals of Science 1 (2): 115–137.Were Mendel's pea-hybrid data too close to expectation, and if so, why?

Mackinley FitzPatrick, New Insights on Cord Attachment and Social Hierarchy in Six Khipus from the Santa Valley, Peru, Ethnohistory 71 (4): 443–469.Do khipus record more than numbers, and can their non-numerical signs be read?

Mackinley FitzPatrick, Knot Tricks: What Mathematical Knot Theory Can Reveal about the Structure of Khipu Knot Encoding, Latin American Antiquity 37 (2): 226–242.Do khipus record more than numbers, and can their non-numerical signs be read?

Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giráldez, Born with a 'Silver Spoon': The Origin of World Trade in 1571, Journal of World History 6 (2): 201–221.How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giráldez, Cycles of Silver: Global Economic Unity through the Mid-Eighteenth Century, Journal of World History 13 (2): 391–427.How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

Benjamin R. Foster, The Age of Agade: Inventing Empire in Ancient Mesopotamia, London and New York: Routledge.Where was Agade, the capital of the Sargonic empire?

D. F. Foxon, English Verse 1701–1750: A Catalogue of Separately Printed Poems with Notes on Contemporary Collected Editions, London and New York: Cambridge University Press.Who printed the anonymous and false-imprint books of eighteenth-century Britain?

Tenney Frank, Roman Census Statistics from 225 to 28 B.C., Classical Philology 19 (4): 329–341.How large was the Roman citizen population in the late Republic and under Augustus?

Roberta Frank, A Scandal in Toronto: The Dating of 'Beowulf' a Quarter Century On, Speculum 82 (4): 843–864.When was Beowulf composed?

Allan Franklin, A. W. F. Edwards, Daniel J. Fairbanks, Daniel L. Hartl and Teddy Seidenfeld, Ending the Mendel–Fisher Controversy, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Were Mendel's pea-hybrid data too close to expectation, and if so, why?

Douglas Frayne, Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334-2113 BC), The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Early Periods 2. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Where was Agade, the capital of the Sargonic empire?

Maurizio Del Freo and Julien Zurbach, Recueil des inscriptions en linéaire A. Supplément 1 (RILA-S1), Études crétoises 21.6. Athens: École française d'Athènes.What language does Linear A record, and can any proposed family beat chance?

R. D. Fulk, A History of Old English Meter, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.When was Beowulf composed?

R. D. Fulk, Robert E. Bjork and John D. Niles, eds., Klaeber's Beowulf, fourth edition, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.When was Beowulf composed?

Andreas Fuls, A Catalog of Indus Signs, Mathematica Epigraphica 4. Berlin: self-published.Does the Indus script encode language, or a non-linguistic sign system?

Daphne E. Gallagher and Stephen A. Dueppen, Recognizing Plague Epidemics in the Archaeological Record of West Africa, Afriques 09.Did the Black Death reach sub-Saharan Africa in the fourteenth century?

Alan Gallay, The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670–1717, New Haven: Yale University Press.How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

Richard L. Garner, Long-Term Silver Mining Trends in Spanish America: A Comparative Analysis of Peru and Mexico, American Historical Review 93 (4): 898–935.How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

Hermann Gasche and Michel Tanret (eds.), Changing Watercourses in Babylonia: Towards a Reconstruction of the Ancient Environment in Lower Mesopotamia, Mesopotamian History and Environment II/5. Ghent and Chicago: University of Ghent and Oriental Institute.Where was Agade, the capital of the Sargonic empire?

H. Gasche, J. A. Armstrong, S. W. Cole and V. G. Gurzadyan, Dating the Fall of Babylon: A Reappraisal of Second-Millennium Chronology, Mesopotamian History and Environment II/4. Ghent and Chicago: University of Ghent and Oriental Institute.What is the absolute chronology of early second-millennium BCE Mesopotamia?

Charles Gayarré, History of Louisiana: The Spanish Domination, New York: Redfield.What do James Wilkinson's unread coded dispatches to Spanish officials say?

H. A. R. Gibb (vols. I–III); C. F. Beckingham (vol. IV), The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354, Hakluyt Society, Second Series. Cambridge, 1958–1994 (index 2000).Which of the journeys in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Riḥla did he actually make?

John Gibney, The Shadow of a Year: The 1641 Rebellion in Irish History and Memory, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.How many people were killed in the Irish rising of 1641?

Arturo Giráldez, The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

Richard von Glahn, Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700, Berkeley: University of California Press.How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

Richard von Glahn, Myth and Reality of China's Seventeenth-Century Monetary Crisis, Journal of Economic History 56 (2): 429–454.How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

Richard von Glahn, The Changing Significance of Latin American Silver in the Chinese Economy, 16th–19th Centuries, Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History (published online 2019).How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

GLOBALISE (Huygens Institute, Amsterdam), GLOBALISE: Enriching the VOC Archives, NWO-funded research infrastructure, 2022–2026.How many people were carried in the Indian Ocean slave trades, 1500–1850?

Louis Godart and Jean-Pierre Olivier, Recueil des inscriptions en linéaire A (GORILA), vols. 1–5, Études crétoises 21, 1976–1985.What language does Linear A record, and can any proposed family beat chance?

Peter J. Golas, Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 5, part 13: Mining, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.How much iron did Song China produce in the eleventh century?

Cyrus H. Gordon, Evidence for the Minoan Language, Ventnor, NJ: Ventnor Publishers.What language does Linear A record, and can any proposed family beat chance?

Kyle Gorman and Richard Sproat, Was rongorongo an independent invention of writing?, Language Log, 21 March 2024.Was rongorongo an independent invention of writing?

R. J. Goulden, The Ornament Stock of Henry Woodfall, 1719–1747: A Preliminary Inventory, Occasional Papers of the Bibliographical Society 3. London: The Bibliographical Society.Who printed the anonymous and false-imprint books of eighteenth-century Britain?

Wiktor Gramatowski, Inventarium Archivi Romani Societatis Iesu: Manuscripta Antiquae Societatis, Rome: Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu (photocopy).Did Kerala-school infinite series reach early modern Europe through Jesuit missionaries?

Gerd Graßhoff, The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue, New York: Springer.Did Ptolemy observe the Almagest star catalogue or adapt Hipparchus's?

Franziska Grathwol, Christian Roos, Dietmar Zinner, Benjamin Hume, Stéphanie M. Porcier, Didier Berthet, Jacques Cuisin, Stefan Merker, Claudio Ottoni, Wim Van Neer, Nathaniel J. Dominy and Gisela H. Kopp, Adulis and the transshipment of baboons during classical antiquity, eLife 12: RP87513.Where was the land of Punt?

Thomas Marshall Green, The Spanish Conspiracy, Cincinnati: Robert Clarke.What do James Wilkinson's unread coded dispatches to Spanish officials say?

Jonathan Green, Frank McIntyre and Paul Needham, The Shape of Incunable Survival and Statistical Estimation of Lost Editions, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 105 (2): 141–175.How many early printed editions have been lost without trace?

Monica H. Green, Taking 'Pandemic' Seriously: Making the Black Death Global, The Medieval Globe 1: Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World: Rethinking the Black Death.Did the Black Death reach sub-Saharan Africa in the fourteenth century?

Jonathan Green and Frank McIntyre, Lost Incunable Editions: Closing in on an Estimate, in Bruni and Pettegree, eds., Lost Books (Leiden: Brill), 55–72.How many early printed editions have been lost without trace?

Monica H. Green, Putting Africa on the Black Death Map: Narratives from Genetics and History, Afriques 09.Did the Black Death reach sub-Saharan Africa in the fourteenth century?

Toby Green, A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Did the Black Death reach sub-Saharan Africa in the fourteenth century?

Monica H. Green, The Four Black Deaths, American Historical Review 125 (5): 1601–1631.Did the Black Death reach sub-Saharan Africa in the fourteenth century?

F. Ll. Griffith, Karanòg: The Meroitic Inscriptions of Shablûl and Karanòg, Eckley B. Coxe Junior Expedition to Nubia 6. Philadelphia: University Museum.Can the Meroitic language be translated beyond its funerary formulae?

William J. Griswold, The Great Anatolian Rebellion, 1000–1020/1591–1611, Klaus Schwarz Verlag (Islamkundliche Untersuchungen).Did the population of Ottoman Anatolia collapse in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Haisu Guan, Huanxin Yang, Xinyu Wang, Shengwei Han, Yongge Liu, Lianwen Jin et al., Deciphering Oracle Bone Language with Diffusion Models, Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the ACL: 15554–15567.What do the thousands of unread Shang oracle-bone graphs mean?

Meriam Guellil, Oliver Kersten, Amine Namouchi, Stefania Luciani, Isolina Marota, Caroline A. Arcini et al., A genomic and historical synthesis of plague in 18th century Eurasia, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (45): 28328–28335.Why did plague disappear from western Europe after the early eighteenth century?

A. Guevara-Murua, C. A. Williams, E. J. Hendy, A. C. Rust and K. V. Cashman, Observations of a stratospheric aerosol veil from a tropical volcanic eruption in December 1808: is this the Unknown ~1809 eruption?, Climate of the Past 10 (5): 1707–1722.Which volcanoes caused the great unattributed sulfate spikes in polar ice, above all 1809?

Shlomo Guil, The Shapira Scroll was an Authentic Dead Sea Scroll, Palestine Exploration Quarterly 149 (1): 6–27.Were Moses Shapira's Deuteronomy fragments an ancient text or an 1880s forgery?

Eric R. Guiler, In Pursuit of the Thylacine, Oryx 8 (5): 307–310.When did the thylacine go extinct in the wild?

Eric R. Guiler, Thylacine: The Tragedy of the Tasmanian Tiger, Melbourne: Oxford University Press.When did the thylacine go extinct in the wild?

Sébastien Guillet, Christophe Corona, Markus Stoffel, Myriam Khodri et al., Climate response to the Samalas volcanic eruption in 1257 revealed by proxy records, Nature Geoscience 10 (2): 123–128.Which volcanoes caused the great unattributed sulfate spikes in polar ice, above all 1809?

Sébastien Guillet, Christophe Corona, Francis Ludlow, Clive Oppenheimer et al., Climatic and societal impacts of a "forgotten" cluster of volcanic eruptions in 1108–1110 CE, Scientific Reports 10: 6715.Which volcanoes caused the great unattributed sulfate spikes in polar ice, above all 1809?

Cahit Günbattı, An Eponym List (KEL G) from Kültepe, Altorientalische Forschungen 35 (1).What is the absolute chronology of early second-millennium BCE Mesopotamia?

Vahe G. Gurzadyan, On the Astronomical Records and Babylonian Chronology, Akkadica 119–120.What is the absolute chronology of early second-millennium BCE Mesopotamia?

Jacques B. M. Guy, The lunar calendar of Tablet Mamari, Journal de la Société des Océanistes 91 (2): 135–149.Was rongorongo an independent invention of writing?

Lu Gwei-Djen, Joseph Needham and Phan Chi-Hsing, The Oldest Representation of a Bombard, Technology and Culture 29 (3): 594–605.By what route did knowledge of gunpowder reach Latin Europe in the thirteenth century?

Victor Gysembergh, Peter J. Williams and Emanuel Zingg, New Evidence for Hipparchus' Star Catalogue Revealed by Multispectral Imaging, Journal for the History of Astronomy 53 (4): 383–393.Did Ptolemy observe the Almagest star catalogue or adapt Hipparchus's?

Max Haas, Mündliche Überlieferung und altrömischer Choral: Historische und analytische computergestützte Untersuchungen, Bern: Peter Lang.Did Gregorian chant descend from Old Roman chant, or did both come from a common ancestor?

Bert S. Hall, Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.By what route did knowledge of gunpowder reach Latin Europe in the thirteenth century?

Michaela Harbeck, Lisa Seifert, Stephanie Hänsch, David M. Wagner and others, Yersinia pestis DNA from Skeletal Remains from the 6th Century AD Reveals Insights into Justinianic Plague, PLoS Pathogens 9 (5): e1003349.How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

Robert Harms, Bernard K. Freamon and David W. Blight (eds.), Indian Ocean Slavery in the Age of Abolition, New Haven: Yale University Press.How many people were carried in the Indian Ocean slave trades, 1500–1850?

Kyle Harper, The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire, Princeton: Princeton University Press.How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

Laura H. Hartman, Andrei V. Kurbatov, Dominic A. Winski, Alicia M. Cruz-Uribe et al., Volcanic glass properties from 1459 C.E. volcanic event in South Pole ice core dismiss Kuwae caldera as a potential source, Scientific Reports 9.Which volcanoes caused the great unattributed sulfate spikes in polar ice, above all 1809?

Robert Hartwell, A Revolution in the Chinese Iron and Coal Industries during the Northern Sung, 960–1126 A.D., Journal of Asian Studies 21 (2): 153–162.How much iron did Song China produce in the eleventh century?

Robert Hartwell, Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry, Journal of Economic History 26 (1): 29–58.How much iron did Song China produce in the eleventh century?

Robert Hartwell, A Cycle of Economic Change in Imperial China: Coal and Iron in Northeast China, 750–1350, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 10: 102–159.How much iron did Song China produce in the eleventh century?

Stephen G. Haw, The Mongol Empire – the First 'Gunpowder Empire'?, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 23 (3): 441–469.By what route did knowledge of gunpowder reach Latin Europe in the thirteenth century?

Georgiana D. Hedesan, Petr Pavlas and Vojtěch Kaše, An Alchemical Prima Materia for the Digital Age: Making the Early Modern Latin Alchemical Prints (EMLAP) Corpus, Ambix 73 (2–3): 145–174.What texts did Newton copy in the alchemical manuscripts whose sources are unidentified?

Martin Heijdra, The socio-economic development of rural China during the Ming, The Cambridge History of China, vol. 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2.How many people lived in China around 1600, and how many died between 1620 and 1680?

Ronald Hendel, Notes on the Orthography of the Shapira Manuscripts: The Forger's Marks, Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 133 (2): 225–230.Were Moses Shapira's Deuteronomy fragments an ancient text or an 1880s forgery?

Ronald Hendel and Matthieu Richelle, The Shapira Scrolls: The Case for Forgery, Biblical Archaeology Review 47 (4).Were Moses Shapira's Deuteronomy fragments an ancient text or an 1880s forgery?

Karen Hendrix, Swamy R. Adapa, Robert H. Tykot, Gregory O'Corry-Crowe, Andrea Vianello, Gloria C. Ferreira, Michael Decker and Rays H. Y. Jiang, Bioarchaeological signatures during the Plague of Justinian (541–750 CE) in Jerash (ancient Gerasa), Jordan, Journal of Archaeological Science 186: 106473.How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

David Henige, Numbers from Nowhere: The American Indian Contact Population Debate, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.How many people lived in the Americas in 1492?

Antonia Heredia Herrera, Filipinas en el Archivo General de Indias, in El Extremo Oriente Ibérico: Investigaciones históricas, metodología y estado de la cuestión, Madrid: Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional and CSIC, 149–183 (revised from Anuario de Estudios Americanos 37, 1980).How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

Mary Hickson, Ireland in the Seventeenth Century, or The Irish Massacres of 1641–2: Their Causes and Results, London: Longmans, Green (2 vols., preface by J. A. Froude).How many people were killed in the Irish rising of 1641?

Harunari Hideji, Kobayashi Ken'ichi, Sakamoto Minoru, Imamura Mineo et al., Kofun shutsugenki no tanso 14 nendai sokutei (Radiocarbon Dating the Appearance of Kofun), Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History 163: 133–176.Where was Yamatai, the realm of Queen Himiko?

Asma Hilali, The Sanaa Palimpsest: The Transmission of the Qur'an in the First Centuries AH, Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies (Qur'anic Studies Series 17).When was the consonantal text of the Qurʾān standardized?

A. H. Hill, Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai: a revised romanised version of Raffles MS 67, together with an English translation, Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 33 (2), no. 190.Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

Alexandra Hill, Lost Print in England: Entries in the Stationers' Company Register, 1557–1640, in Bruni and Pettegree, eds., Lost Books (Leiden: Brill), 144–159.How many early printed editions have been lost without trace?

Saskia Hin, The Demography of Roman Italy: Population Dynamics in an Ancient Conquest Society, 201 BCE–14 CE, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.How large was the Roman citizen population in the late Republic and under Augustus?

Ping-ti Ho, Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (Harvard East Asian Series 4).How many people lived in China around 1600, and how many died between 1620 and 1680?

David Hockney, Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters, London: Thames & Hudson.Did Vermeer use a camera obscura or other optical aids?

Felix Höflmayer and Sturt W. Manning, A Synchronized Early Middle Bronze Age Chronology for Egypt, the Levant, and Mesopotamia, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 81 (1): 1–24.What is the absolute chronology of early second-millennium BCE Mesopotamia?

Matthew S. Hopper, Slaves of One Master: Globalization and Slavery in Arabia in the Age of Empire, New Haven: Yale University Press.How many people were carried in the Indian Ocean slave trades, 1500–1850?

Paul Horley, Rongorongo Script: Carving Techniques and Scribal Corrections, Journal de la Société des Océanistes 129: 249–261.Was rongorongo an independent invention of writing?

Paul Horley, Rongorongo: Inscribed Objects from Rapa Nui, Viña del Mar: Rapanui Press.Was rongorongo an independent invention of writing?

Emma Hornby, Gregorian and Old Roman Eighth-Mode Tracts: A Case Study in the Transmission of Western Chant, Aldershot: Ashgate (reissued Routledge, 2019).Did Gregorian chant descend from Old Roman chant, or did both come from a common ancestor?

Ivan Hrbek, The Chronology of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Travels, Archiv Orientální 30: 409–486.Which of the journeys in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Riḥla did he actually make?

Carrie Hritz, Tracing Settlement Patterns and Channel Systems in Southern Mesopotamia Using Remote Sensing, Journal of Field Archaeology 35 (2): 184–203.Where was Agade, the capital of the Sargonic empire?

Peter J. Huber, with A. Sachs, M. Stol, R. M. Whiting, E. Leichty, C. B. F. Walker and G. van Driel, Astronomical Dating of Babylon I and Ur III, Occasional Papers on the Near East 1/4. Malibu: Undena.What is the absolute chronology of early second-millennium BCE Mesopotamia?

Peter J. Huber, Astronomy and Ancient Chronology, Akkadica 119–120.What is the absolute chronology of early second-millennium BCE Mesopotamia?

Helmut Hucke, Toward a New Historical View of Gregorian Chant, Journal of the American Musicological Society 33 (3): 437–467.Did Gregorian chant descend from Old Roman chant, or did both come from a common ancestor?

Robert D. Huerta, Giants of Delft: Johannes Vermeer and the Natural Philosophers: The Parallel Search for Knowledge during the Age of Discovery, Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press.Did Vermeer use a camera obscura or other optical aids?

Julian P. Hume, David M. Martill and Christopher Dewdney, Dutch diaries and the demise of the dodo, Nature 429.What new evidence can fix when and why five historically extinct species disappeared?

William Hutchison, Patrick Sugden, Andrea Burke et al., The 1831 CE mystery eruption identified as Zavaritskii caldera, Simushir Island (Kurils), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122 (1): e2416699122.Which volcanoes caused the great unattributed sulfate spikes in polar ice, above all 1809?

Sabine Hyland, Gene A. Ware and Madison Clark, Knot Direction in a Khipu/Alphabetic Text from the Central Andes, Latin American Antiquity 25 (2): 189–197.Do khipus record more than numbers, and can their non-numerical signs be read?

Sabine Hyland, Writing with Twisted Cords: The Inscriptive Capacity of Andean Khipus, Current Anthropology 58 (3): 412–419.Do khipus record more than numbers, and can their non-numerical signs be read?

Sabine Hyland, Sarah Bennison and William P. Hyland, Khipus, Khipu Boards, and Sacred Texts: Toward a Philology of Andean Knotted Cords, Latin American Research Review 56 (2): 400–416.Do khipus record more than numbers, and can their non-numerical signs be read?

John D. Gordan III, John Nutt: Trade Publisher and Printer 'In the Savoy', The Library, 7th ser., 15 (3): 243–260.Who printed the anonymous and false-imprint books of eighteenth-century Britain?

Mehmet İnbaşı, Kayseri Tapu-Tahrir Defteri 38, 1484 tarihli, Kayseri: Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları 61.Did the population of Ottoman Anatolia collapse in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Mehmet İnbaşı, 976 (1570) tarihli Kayseri Tapu-Tahrir Defteri, Kayseri: Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları 60.Did the population of Ottoman Anatolia collapse in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Alejandra Irigoin, The End of a Silver Era: The Consequences of the Breakdown of the Spanish Peso Standard in China and the United States, 1780s–1850s, Journal of World History 20 (2): 207–244.How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

Teuku Iskandar (ed.), De Hikajat Atjéh, Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 26. 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff.Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

James Ripley Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior: Major-General James Wilkinson, New York: Macmillan.What do James Wilkinson's unread coded dispatches to Spanish officials say?

Stephen Janicsek, Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Journey to Bulghàr: Is It a Fabrication?, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 61 (4): 791–800.Which of the journeys in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Riḥla did he actually make?

Kruawun Jankaew, Brian F. Atwater, Yuki Sawai et al., Medieval forewarning of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Thailand, Nature 455: 1228–1231.Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

Álvaro Jara, Guerra y sociedad en Chile: la transformación de la Guerra de Arauco y la esclavitud de los indios, Santiago: Editorial Universitaria (first published Paris, 1961).How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

Jane Jelley, Traces of Vermeer, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Did Vermeer use a camera obscura or other optical aids?

David Johnson, Andrew J. Nathan and Evelyn S. Rawski (eds.), Popular Culture in Late Imperial China, Berkeley: University of California Press.How literate was the population of late imperial China?

Russell Jones (ed.), Hikayat Raja Pasai, Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti (Siri Sastera Fajar Bakti).Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

Teije de Jong, Astronomical Fine-Tuning of the Chronology of the Hammurabi Age, Jaarbericht Ex Oriente Lux 44: 147–167.What is the absolute chronology of early second-millennium BCE Mesopotamia?

George Gheverghese Joseph, A Passage to Infinity: Medieval Indian Mathematics from Kerala and Its Impact, New Delhi: Sage.Did Kerala-school infinite series reach early modern Europe through Jesuit missionaries?

George Gheverghese Joseph, Indian Mathematics: Engaging with the World from Ancient to Modern Times, London: World Scientific.Did Kerala-school infinite series reach early modern Europe through Jesuit missionaries?

Jagat Pati Joshi and Asko Parpola (eds.), Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions, vol. 1: Collections in India, Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae / Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India 86. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.Does the Indus script encode language, or a non-linguistic sign system?

Jan Hajič jr, Vojtěch Lanz and Gustavo A. Ballen, Genome of melody: applying bioinformatics to study the evolution of Gregorian chant, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 380 (1940).Did Gregorian chant descend from Old Roman chant, or did both come from a common ancestor?

William M. Sale Jr., Samuel Richardson: Master Printer, Cornell Studies in English 37. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Who printed the anonymous and false-imprint books of eighteenth-century Britain?

J. Edward Kidder Jr., Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.Where was Yamatai, the realm of Queen Himiko?

M. Erdem Kabadayı, Grigor Boykov, Akın Sefer and Piet Gerrits, Ottoman NFS Gazetteer (16,296 populated places), version 1, Zenodo dataset (UrbanOccupationsOETR and POPGEO_BG projects).Did the population of Ottoman Anatolia collapse in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Naohiko Kawakami, Searching for the location of the ancient city of Akkade in relation to the ancient course of the Tigris using historical geographical and GIS analyses, Akkadica 143 (2): 101–135.Where was Agade, the capital of the Sargonic empire?

Naohiko Kawakami, The Location of the Ancient City of Akkade: Review of Past Theories and Identification of Issues for Formulating a Specific Methodology for Searching Akkade, al-Rāfidān 44: 45–68.Where was Agade, the capital of the Sargonic empire?

David N. Keightley, Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China, Berkeley: University of California Press.What do the thousands of unread Shang oracle-bone graphs mean?

David N. Keightley, The Bamboo Annals and Shang-Chou Chronology, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 38 (2).In what year did the Zhou conquer the Shang?

Marcel Keller, Maria A. Spyrou, Christiana L. Scheib and others, Ancient Yersinia pestis genomes from across Western Europe reveal early diversification during the First Pandemic (541–750), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (25): 12363–12372.How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

Kathryn Kelley, Proto-Elamite, Cambridge Elements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Does Proto-Elamite record language, and is it the ancestor of Linear Elamite?

Robert L. Kelly, Madeline Mackie, Spencer Pelton and Erick Robinson, Spatiotemporal Distribution of the North American Indigenous Population prior to European Contact, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122 (6).How many people lived in the Americas in 1492?

E. S. Kennedy and Victor Roberts, The Planetary Theory of Ibn al-Shāṭir, Isis 50 (3): 227–235.How, if at all, did Copernicus learn of the Maragha-school planetary models?

Mike Kestemont and Folgert Karsdorp, Estimating the Loss of Medieval Literature with an Unseen Species Model from Ecodiversity, Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Humanities Research (CHR 2020), CEUR Workshop Proceedings 2723.How many early printed editions have been lost without trace?

Mike Kestemont, Folgert Karsdorp, Elisabeth de Bruijn, Matthew Driscoll, Katarzyna A. Kapitan, Pádraig Ó Macháin, Daniel Sawyer and Remco Sleiderink, Forgotten books: The application of unseen species models to the survival of culture, Science 375 (6582): 765–769.How many early printed editions have been lost without trace?

John Maynard Keynes, Newton, the Man, in The Royal Society, Newton Tercentenary Celebrations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (lecture read in July 1946).What texts did Newton copy in the alchemical manuscripts whose sources are unidentified?

Iqtidar Alam Khan, Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.By what route did knowledge of gunpowder reach Latin Europe in the thirteenth century?

Kevin S. Kiernan, Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press; revised edition Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996.When was Beowulf composed?

Kevin Kiernan, ed., Electronic Beowulf, London: British Library; 5th edition, University of Kentucky, 2026.When was Beowulf composed?

Suphan Kirmizialtin and David Wrisley, Automated Transcription of Non-Latin Script Periodicals: A Case Study in the Ottoman Turkish Print Archive, Digital Humanities Quarterly 16 (2).Did the population of Ottoman Anatolia collapse in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

K. A. Kitchen, The land of Punt, in T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah and A. Okpoko (eds.), The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns. London: Routledge.Where was the land of Punt?

Jonathan Klawans, Shapira's Deuteronomy, Its Decalogue, and Dead Sea Scrolls Authentic and Forged, Dead Sea Discoveries 29 (2): 199–227.Were Moses Shapira's Deuteronomy fragments an ancient text or an 1880s forgery?

A. Kobata, The Production and Uses of Gold and Silver in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Japan, Economic History Review 18 (2): 245–266.How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

Alexander Koch, Chris Brierley, Mark M. Maslin and Simon L. Lewis, Earth System Impacts of the European Arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492, Quaternary Science Reviews 207: 13–36.How many people lived in the Americas in 1492?

Naitō Konan (Torajirō), Himiko kō (A study of Himiko), Geibun; reprinted in Naitō Konan zenshū. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō, 1970.Where was Yamatai, the realm of Queen Himiko?

A. L. Kroeber, Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 38.How many people lived in the Americas in 1492?

Sachiko Kusukawa, William Courten's lists of 'Things Bought' from the late seventeenth century, Journal of the History of Collections 29 (1): 1–17 (online 2016).Who supplied the medical knowledge that Hans Sloane's catalogues attribute to unnamed people?

Raphael Kutscher, Toward the Location of Akkade, Proceedings of the 34th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Ankara).Where was Agade, the capital of the Sargonic empire?

John C. Lamoreaux (ed. and trans.), Hunayn ibn Ishaq on His Galen Translations, Provo: Brigham Young University Press (Eastern Christian Texts).Which lost works of Galen survive unrecognised in Arabic and Syriac?

S. Langdon and J. K. Fotheringham, The Venus Tablets of Ammizaduga, Oxford: Oxford University Press.What is the absolute chronology of early second-millennium BCE Mesopotamia?

Michael Lapidge, The archetype of Beowulf, Anglo-Saxon England 29: 5–41.When was Beowulf composed?

Lorenzo Lastilla, Roberta Ravanelli, Miguel Valério and Silvia Ferrara, Modelling the Rongorongo tablets: A new transcription of the Échancrée tablet and the foundation for decipherment attempts, Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 37 (2): 497–516.Was rongorongo an independent invention of writing?

Almon Wheeler Lauber, Indian Slavery in Colonial Times within the Present Limits of the United States, New York: Columbia University (Studies in History, Economics and Public Law).How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

Alessandro Launaro, Peasants and Slaves: The Rural Population of Roman Italy (200 BC to AD 100), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.How large was the Roman citizen population in the late Republic and under Augustus?

Franck Lavigne, Jean-Philippe Degeai, Jean-Christophe Komorowski, Sébastien Guillet et al., Source of the great A.D. 1257 mystery eruption unveiled, Samalas volcano, Rinjani Volcanic Complex, Indonesia, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (42): 16742–16747.Which volcanoes caused the great unattributed sulfate spikes in polar ice, above all 1809?

Jean Leclant, André Heyler, Catherine Berger-el Naggar, Claude Carrier and Claude Rilly, Répertoire d'épigraphie méroïtique (REM), tomes I–III, Paris: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.Can the Meroitic language be translated beyond its funerary formulae?

Yun Kuen Lee, Building the Chronology of Early Chinese History, Asian Perspectives 41 (1): 15–42.In what year did the Zhou conquer the Shang?

Rob Lee, Philip Jonathan and Pauline Ziman, Pictish Symbols Revealed as a Written Language through Application of Shannon Entropy, Proceedings of the Royal Society A 466 (2121): 2545–2560.Does the Indus script encode language, or a non-linguistic sign system?

Kenneth Levy, Charlemagne's Archetype of Gregorian Chant, Journal of the American Musicological Society 40 (1): 1–30.Did Gregorian chant descend from Old Roman chant, or did both come from a common ancestor?

Kenneth Levy, Gregorian Chant and the Romans, Journal of the American Musicological Society 56 (1): 5–41.Did Gregorian chant descend from Old Roman chant, or did both come from a common ancestor?

Simon L. Lewis and Mark A. Maslin, Defining the Anthropocene, Nature 519: 171–180.How many people lived in the Americas in 1492?

Li Bozhong 李伯重, Bagu zhi wai: Ming Qing Jiangnan de jiaoyu ji qi dui jingji de yingxiang 八股之外：明清江南的教育及其对经济的影响, Qingshi yanjiu 清史研究 2004: 1–14.How literate was the population of late imperial China?

Bozhong Li and Jan Luiten van Zanden, Before the Great Divergence? Comparing the Yangzi Delta and the Netherlands at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century, Journal of Economic History 72 (4): 956–989.Were real wages in the Yangzi delta and Bengal comparable to England's before 1750?

Liang Fangzhong 梁方仲, Zhongguo lidai hukou, tiandi, tianfu tongji 中国历代户口、田地、田赋统计, Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe.How many people lived in China around 1600, and how many died between 1620 and 1680?

Matthew J. Liebmann, Joshua Farella, Christopher I. Roos, Adam Stack, Sarah Martini and Thomas W. Swetnam, Native American depopulation, reforestation, and fire regimes in the Southwest United States, 1492–1900 CE, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (6): E696–E704.How many people lived in the Americas in 1492?

Luuk de Ligt, Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers: Studies in the Demographic History of Roman Italy 225 BC–AD 100, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.How large was the Roman citizen population in the late Republic and under Augustus?

Man-houng Lin, China Upside Down: Currency, Society, and Ideologies, 1808–1856, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center (Harvard East Asian Monographs 270).How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

Andro Linklater, An Artist in Treason: The Extraordinary Double Life of General James Wilkinson, New York: Walker.What do James Wilkinson's unread coded dispatches to Spanish officials say?

Gareth Linnard, Mike Williams and Branden Holmes, The parson, the psychiatrist, the publican, and his nephews: the two final thylacine captures in Tasmania, Papers and Proceedings of the Tasmanian Historical Research Association 67 (3): 6–22.When did the thylacine go extinct in the wild?

Lester K. Little (ed.), Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

Siran Liu, Thilo Rehren, Dashu Qin, Jianli Chen et al., Coal-fuelled crucible lead-silver smelting in 12th–13th century China: A technological innovation in the age of deforestation, Journal of Archaeological Science 104: 75–84.How much iron did Song China produce in the eleventh century?

Ziang Liu, Wages, Labour Markets, and Living Standards in China, 1530–1840, Explorations in Economic History 92: 101569.Were real wages in the Yangzi delta and Bengal comparable to England's before 1750?

Yonghua Liu and Haibo Wen, What Meant to Be a Literate in Qing China?, South China Quarterly 14 (1): 97–111.How literate was the population of late imperial China?

Yuliang Liu, Haisu Guan, Pengjie Wang et al., AlphaOracle: Oracle bone script decipherment via human-workflow-inspired deep learning, The Innovation 7 (11): 101462.What do the thousands of unread Shang oracle-bone graphs mean?

Massimo Livi-Bacci, Return to Hispaniola: Reassessing a Demographic Catastrophe, Hispanic American Historical Review 83 (1): 3–51.How many people lived in the Americas in 1492?

L. Leland Locke, The Ancient Quipu, a Peruvian Knot Record, American Anthropologist 14 (2): 325–332.Do khipus record more than numbers, and can their non-numerical signs be read?

Peter A. Lorge, The Asian Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (New Approaches to Asian History).By what route did knowledge of gunpowder reach Latin Europe in the thirteenth century?

Heath W. Lowry, Studies in Defterology, Istanbul: Isis Press.Did the population of Ottoman Anatolia collapse in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Giulio Lucarini, Donatella Barca and Andrea Manzo, The provenance of obsidian artefacts from the Middle Kingdom harbour of Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, Egypt, and its implications for Red Sea trade routes in the 2nd millennium BC, Quaternary International 555: 85–95.Where was the land of Punt?

Jiaming Luo, Yuan Cao and Regina Barzilay, Neural Decipherment via Minimum-Cost Flow: From Ugaritic to Linear B, Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the ACL: 3146–3155.What language does Linear A record, and can any proposed family beat chance?

Jiaming Luo, Frederik Hartmann, Enrico Santus, Regina Barzilay and Yuan Cao, Deciphering Undersegmented Ancient Scripts Using Phonetic Prior, Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 9: 69–81.What language does Linear A record, and can any proposed family beat chance?

Malcolm Lyons (ed.), Galen: On the Parts of Medicine; On Cohesive Causes; On Regimen in Acute Diseases in Accordance with the Theories of Hippocrates, Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, Supplementum Orientale II. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.Which lost works of Galen survive unrecognised in Arabic and Syriac?

Arthur MacGregor (ed.), Sir Hans Sloane: Collector, Scientist, Antiquary, Founding Father of the British Museum, London: British Museum Press.Who supplied the medical knowledge that Hans Sloane's catalogues attribute to unnamed people?

Pedro Machado, Ocean of Trade: South Asian Merchants, Africa and the Indian Ocean, c. 1750–1850, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.How many people were carried in the Indian Ocean slave trades, 1500–1850?

Nicci MacLeod and Barbara Fennell, Lexico-Grammatical Portraits of Vulnerable Women in War: The 1641 Depositions, Journal of Historical Pragmatics 13, no. 2.How many people were killed in the Irish rising of 1641?

Iravatham Mahadevan, The Indus Script: Texts, Concordance and Tables, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India 77. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.Does the Indus script encode language, or a non-linguistic sign system?

Rebecca Maloy, Inside the Offertory: Aspects of Chronology and Transmission, New York: Oxford University Press.Did Gregorian chant descend from Old Roman chant, or did both come from a common ancestor?

Sturt W. Manning, Carol B. Griggs, Brita Lorentzen, Gojko Barjamovic, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Bernd Kromer and Eva Maria Wild, Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology, PLOS ONE 11 (7): e0157144.What is the absolute chronology of early second-millennium BCE Mesopotamia?

Sturt W. Manning, Lukas Wacker, Ulf Büntgen, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Michael W. Dee, Bernd Kromer and others, Radiocarbon offsets and old world chronology as relevant to Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia and Thera (Santorini), Scientific Reports 10: 13785.What is the absolute chronology of early second-millennium BCE Mesopotamia?

Menahem Mansoor, The Case of Shapira's Dead Sea (Deuteronomy) Scrolls of 1883, Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 47.Were Moses Shapira's Deuteronomy fragments an ancient text or an 1880s forgery?

Jaime Valenzuela Márquez (ed.), América en diásporas: esclavitudes y migraciones forzadas en Chile y otras regiones americanas (siglos XVI–XIX), Santiago: RIL editores and Instituto de Historia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

John S. Marr and James B. Kiracofe, Was the Huey Cocoliztli a haemorrhagic fever?, Medical History 44 (3): 341–362.What caused the cocoliztli epidemics of 1545 and 1576 in New Spain?

Michael Josef Marx and Tobias J. Jocham, Radiocarbon (14C) Dating of Qurʾān Manuscripts, in A. Kaplony and M. Marx (eds.), Qurʾān Quotations Preserved on Papyrus Documents, 7th–10th Centuries (Leiden: Brill): 188–221.When was the consonantal text of the Qurʾān standardized?

K. I. D. Maslen, The Bowyer Ornament Stock, Oxford Bibliographical Society Occasional Publication 8. Oxford.Who printed the anonymous and false-imprint books of eighteenth-century Britain?

J. N. Mattock, Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Use of Ibn Jubayr's Riḥla, in R. Peters (ed.), Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the Union Européenne des Arabisants et Islamisants. Leiden: Brill, 209–218.Which of the journeys in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Riḥla did he actually make?

Robert McCaa, Spanish and Nahuatl Views on Smallpox and Demographic Catastrophe in Mexico, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25 (3).What caused the cocoliztli epidemics of 1545 and 1576 in New Spain?

W. L. McDowell (ed.), Journals of the Commissioners of the Indian Trade, September 20, 1710-August 29, 1718, Columbia: South Carolina Archives Department (Colonial Records of South Carolina).How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

E. Edwards McKinnon, Beyond Serandib: A Note on Lambri at the Northern Tip of Aceh, Indonesia 46: 102.Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

James McKinnon, The Advent Project: The Later-Seventh-Century Creation of the Roman Mass Proper, Berkeley: University of California Press.Did Gregorian chant descend from Old Roman chant, or did both come from a common ancestor?

Joachim Mebert, Die Venustafeln des Ammī-ṣaduqa und ihre Bedeutung für die astronomische Datierung der altbabylonischen Zeit, Archiv für Orientforschung Beiheft 31. Vienna: Institut für Orientalistik.What is the absolute chronology of early second-millennium BCE Mesopotamia?

Roland de Mecquenem and Marguerite Rutten, Épigraphie proto-élamite, Mémoires de la Mission archéologique en Iran 31 (MDP 31). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Does Proto-Elamite record language, and is it the ancestor of Linear Elamite?

Manuel Medrano and Gary Urton, Toward the Decipherment of a Set of Mid-Colonial Khipus from the Santa Valley, Coastal Peru, Ethnohistory 65 (1): 1–23.Do khipus record more than numbers, and can their non-numerical signs be read?

Manuel Medrano and Ashok Khosla, How Can Data Science Contribute to Understanding the Khipu Code?, Latin American Antiquity 36, no. 2 (2025): 497-516; online 2024.Do khipus record more than numbers, and can their non-numerical signs be read?

Dimitri Meeks, Locating Punt, in D. O'Connor and S. Quirke (eds.), Mysterious Lands. London: UCL Press: 53–80.Where was the land of Punt?

Mischa Meier, The 'Justinianic Plague': An "Inconsequential Pandemic"? A Reply, Medizinhistorisches Journal 55 (2).How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

Tomi S. Melka, Some Considerations about the Kohau Rongorongo Script in the Light of a Statistical Analysis of the 'Santiago Staff', Cryptologia 33 (1): 24–73.Was rongorongo an independent invention of writing?

Aron J. Meltzner, Kerry Sieh, Hong-Wei Chiang et al., Coral evidence for earthquake recurrence and an A.D. 1390–1455 cluster at the south end of the 2004 Aceh–Andaman rupture, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 115: B10402.Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

Gregor Mendel, Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden, Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn 4: 3–47.Were Mendel's pea-hybrid data too close to expectation, and if so, why?

Ernest Mengin, Commentaire du Codex Mexicanus nos 23-24 de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris, Journal de la Société des Américanistes 41 (2): 387–498.What caused the cocoliztli epidemics of 1545 and 1576 in New Spain?

J. V. G. Mills (trans.), Ma Huan, Ying-yai sheng-lan: 'The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores' [1433], Hakluyt Society Extra Series 42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

Allan A. Mills, Vermeer and the Camera Obscura: Some Practical Considerations, Leonardo 31 (3).Did Vermeer use a camera obscura or other optical aids?

George R. Milner and George Chaplin, Eastern North American Population at ca. A.D. 1500, American Antiquity 75 (4): 707–726.How many people lived in the Americas in 1492?

Meridith Beck Mink, Michelle Dalmau, Wallace Hooper, William R. Newman and James R. Voelkel, Encoding Newton's Alchemical Library: Integrating Traditional Bibliographic and Modern Computational Approaches, Journal of the Text Encoding Initiative 11.What texts did Newton copy in the alchemical manuscripts whose sources are unidentified?

Koji Mizoguchi, The Archaeology of Japan: From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Where was Yamatai, the realm of Queen Himiko?

Katrin Monecke, Willi Finger, David Klarer et al., A 1,000-year sediment record of tsunami recurrence in northern Sumatra, Nature 455: 1232–1234.Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

M. Willis Monroe, Kathryn Kelley, Logan Born and Anoop Sarkar, Recent Progress in Deciphering Proto-Elamite, Near Eastern Archaeology 88 (4): 314–323.Does Proto-Elamite record language, and is it the ancestor of Linear Elamite?

John M. Monteiro, From Indian to Slave: Forced Native Labour and Colonial Society in São Paulo during the Seventeenth Century, Slavery & Abolition 9 (2): 105–127.How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

John Michael Montias, Vermeer and His Milieu: A Web of Social History, Princeton: Princeton University Press.Did Vermeer use a camera obscura or other optical aids?

Lee Mordechai and Merle Eisenberg, Rejecting Catastrophe: The Case of the Justinianic Plague, Past & Present 244 (1): 3–50.How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

Lee Mordechai, Merle Eisenberg, Timothy P. Newfield, Adam Izdebski, Janet E. Kay and Hendrik Poinar, The Justinianic Plague: An inconsequential pandemic?, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (51): 25546–25554.How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

Giovanna Morelli et al., Yersinia pestis Genome Sequencing Identifies Patterns of Global Phylogenetic Diversity, Nature Genetics 42 (12): 1140–1143.Did the Black Death reach sub-Saharan Africa in the fourteenth century?

Neville Morley, The Transformation of Italy, 225–28 B.C., Journal of Roman Studies 91: 50–62.How large was the Roman citizen population in the late Republic and under Augustus?

Robert Morrison, A Scholarly Intermediary between the Ottoman Empire and Renaissance Europe, Isis 105 (1): 32–57.How, if at all, did Copernicus learn of the Maragha-school planetary models?

Robert Morrison, Merchants of Knowledge: Intellectual Exchange in the Ottoman Empire and Renaissance Europe, Stanford: Stanford University Press.How, if at all, did Copernicus learn of the Maragha-school planetary models?

Guo Moruo (ed.), Hu Houxuan (chief editor), Jiaguwen heji 甲骨文合集, 13 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1978–1982.What do the thousands of unread Shang oracle-bone graphs mean?

Bahata Ansumali Mukhopadhyay, Semantic scope of Indus inscriptions comprising taxation, trade and craft licensing, commodity control and access control: archaeological and script-internal evidence, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 10.Does the Indus script encode language, or a non-linguistic sign system?

Axel E. W. Müller, Gunpowder Technology in the Fifteenth Century: A Study, Edition and Translation of the Firework Book, Woodbridge: Boydell Press (Royal Armouries Research Series 3).By what route did knowledge of gunpowder reach Latin Europe in the thirteenth century?

Rhoads Murphey, Ottoman census methods in the mid-sixteenth century: three case histories, Studia Islamica 71: 115–126.Did the population of Ottoman Anatolia collapse in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Kathleen S. Murphy, Translating the vernacular: Indigenous and African knowledge in the eighteenth-century British Atlantic, Atlantic Studies 8 (1): 29–48.Who supplied the medical knowledge that Hans Sloane's catalogues attribute to unnamed people?

Kathleen S. Murphy, Collecting Slave Traders: James Petiver, Natural History, and the British Slave Trade, William and Mary Quarterly 70 (4): 637–670.Who supplied the medical knowledge that Hans Sloane's catalogues attribute to unnamed people?

Gemma G. R. Murray et al., Natural selection shaped the rise and fall of passenger pigeon genomic diversity, Science 358 (6365): 951–954.What new evidence can fix when and why five historically extinct species disappeared?

Ashish Nair, How Non-Linguistic Is the Indus Sign System? A Synthetic-Baseline Scorecard, arXiv preprint 2604.17828.Does the Indus script encode language, or a non-linguistic sign system?

David Narrett, Adventurism and Empire: The Struggle for Mastery in the Louisiana–Florida Borderlands, 1762–1803, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Omohundro Institute.What do James Wilkinson's unread coded dispatches to Spanish officials say?

Édouard Naville, The Temple of Deir el Bahari, Part III: End of the Northern Half and Southern Half of the Middle Platform, Egypt Exploration Fund Memoir 16. London.Where was the land of Punt?

Paul Needham, Johann Gutenberg and the Catholicon Press, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 76 (4).How did Gutenberg cast his type?

Joseph Needham, with Ho Ping-Yü, Lu Gwei-Djen and Wang Ling, Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 5, pt. 7: Military Technology; The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.By what route did knowledge of gunpowder reach Latin Europe in the thirteenth century?

Wim Van Neer, Mircea Udrescu, Joris Peters, Bea De Cupere, Stéphane Pasquali and Stéphanie Porcier, Palaeopathological and demographic data reveal conditions of keeping of the ancient baboons at Gabbanat el-Qurud (Thebes, Egypt), PLOS ONE 18 (12): e0294934.Where was the land of Punt?

Leonard Neidorf, ed., The Dating of Beowulf: A Reassessment, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.When was Beowulf composed?

Leonard Neidorf, The Transmission of Beowulf: Language, Culture, and Scribal Behavior, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.When was Beowulf composed?

Leonard Neidorf, Madison S. Krieger, Michelle Yakubek, Pramit Chaudhuri and Joseph P. Dexter, Large-scale quantitative profiling of the Old English verse tradition, Nature Human Behaviour 3 (6): 560–567.When was Beowulf composed?

Aaradh Nepal and Francesco Perono Cacciafoco, Minoan Cryptanalysis: Computational Approaches to Deciphering Linear A and Assessing Its Connections with Language Families from the Mediterranean and the Black Sea Areas, Information 15 (2): 73.What language does Linear A record, and can any proposed family beat chance?

Otto Neugebauer, On the Planetary Theory of Copernicus, Vistas in Astronomy 10: 89–104.How, if at all, did Copernicus learn of the Maragha-school planetary models?

Margaret Ellen Newell, Brethren by Nature: New England Indians, Colonists, and the Origins of American Slavery, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

William R. Newman, Newton's Clavis as Starkey's Key, Isis 78 (4): 564–574.What texts did Newton copy in the alchemical manuscripts whose sources are unidentified?

William R. Newman and Lawrence M. Principe, Alchemy Tried in the Fire: Starkey, Boyle, and the Fate of Helmontian Chymistry, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.What texts did Newton copy in the alchemical manuscripts whose sources are unidentified?

William R. Newman, A preliminary reassessment of Newton's alchemy, in R. Iliffe and G. E. Smith (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Newton, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.What texts did Newton copy in the alchemical manuscripts whose sources are unidentified?

William R. Newman, Newton the Alchemist: Science, Enigma, and the Quest for Nature's 'Secret Fire', Princeton: Princeton University Press.What texts did Newton copy in the alchemical manuscripts whose sources are unidentified?

Alfred Newton, Abstract of Mr. J. Wolley's Researches in Iceland respecting the Gare-fowl or Great Auk, Ibis 3 (4): 374–399.What new evidence can fix when and why five historically extinct species disappeared?

Robert R. Newton, The Crime of Claudius Ptolemy, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Did Ptolemy observe the Almagest star catalogue or adapt Hipparchus's?

Ross K. Nichols, The Moses Scroll, Horeb Press.Were Moses Shapira's Deuteronomy fragments an ancient text or an 1880s forgery?

Sajjad Nikfahm-Khubravan and F. Jamil Ragep, The Mercury Models of Ibn al-Šāṭir and Copernicus, Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 29 (1): 1–59.How, if at all, did Copernicus learn of the Maragha-school planetary models?

David S. Nivison, 1040 as the Date of the Chou Conquest, Early China 8: 76–78.In what year did the Zhou conquer the Shang?

David S. Nivison, The Dates of Western Chou, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 43 (2).In what year did the Zhou conquer the Shang?

David S. Nivison (ed. Adam C. Schwartz), The Nivison Annals: Selected Works of David S. Nivison on Early Chinese Chronology, Astronomy, and Historiography, Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.In what year did the Zhou conquer the Shang?

Mark Nosonovsky, Abner of Burgos: The Missing Link between Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and Nicolaus Copernicus?, Zutot 15 (1): 25–30.How, if at all, did Copernicus learn of the Maragha-school planetary models?

Charles E. Novitski, On Fisher's Criticism of Mendel's Results with the Garden Pea, Genetics 166 (3): 1133–1136.Were Mendel's pea-hybrid data too close to expectation, and if so, why?

Jane Ohlmeyer, Women and Sexual Violence in the "1641 Depositions", Law and History Review 43 (2): 221–238.How many people were killed in the Irish rising of 1641?

Pietro Daniel Omodeo and Razieh S. Mousavi, An Unknown Astronomical Work on Planetary Theory from the Renaissance: Giulio Cesare Luchini's Delle revolutioni delle sfere celesti libri IX (ca. 1581), Journal for the History of Astronomy 56 (2): 172–206.How, if at all, did Copernicus learn of the Maragha-school planetary models?

Catherine Orliac, The Rongorongo tablets from Easter Island: botanical identification and 14C dating, Archaeology in Oceania 40 (3): 115–119.Was rongorongo an independent invention of writing?

Oktay Özel, Population Changes in Ottoman Anatolia during the 16th and 17th Centuries: The 'Demographic Crisis' Reconsidered, International Journal of Middle East Studies 36 (2): 183–205.Did the population of Ottoman Anatolia collapse in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Oktay Özel, The Collapse of Rural Order in Ottoman Anatolia: Amasya 1576–1643, Leiden: Brill.Did the population of Ottoman Anatolia collapse in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

David W. Packard, Minoan Linear A, Berkeley: University of California Press.What language does Linear A record, and can any proposed family beat chance?

Robert Paddle, The Last Tasmanian Tiger: The History and Extinction of the Thylacine, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.When did the thylacine go extinct in the wild?

Robert Paddle and Kathryn Medlock, The discovery of the remains of the last Tasmanian tiger (Thylacinus cynocephalus), Australian Zoologist 43 (1): 97–108.When did the thylacine go extinct in the wild?

Nuno Palma and André C. Silva, Spending a Windfall: American Precious Metals and Euro-Asian Trade, International Economic Review 65 (1): 283–313.How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

L. R. Palmer, Luvian and Linear A, Transactions of the Philological Society 57 (1): 75–100.What language does Linear A record, and can any proposed family beat chance?

Gísli Pálsson, The Last of Its Kind: The Search for the Great Auk and the Discovery of Extinction, Princeton: Princeton University Press.What new evidence can fix when and why five historically extinct species disappeared?

David W. Pankenier, Astronomical Dates in Shang and Western Zhou, Early China 7: 2–37.In what year did the Zhou conquer the Shang?

David W. Pankenier, The Bamboo Annals Revisited: Problems of Method in Using the Chronicle as a Source for the Chronology of Early Zhou, Part 1, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 55 (2): 272–297.In what year did the Zhou conquer the Shang?

David W. Pankenier, Astrology and Cosmology in Early China: Conforming Earth to Heaven, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.In what year did the Zhou conquer the Shang?

Daniel Panzac, Quarantaines et lazarets: l'Europe et la peste d'Orient (XVIIe–XXe siècles), Aix-en-Provence: Édisud.Why did plague disappear from western Europe after the early eighteenth century?

Geoffrey Parker, Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century, New Haven: Yale University Press.How many people lived in China around 1600, and how many died between 1620 and 1680?

Asko Parpola, Deciphering the Indus Script, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Does the Indus script encode language, or a non-linguistic sign system?

Asko Parpola, B. M. Pande and Petteri Koskikallio (eds.), Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions, 3.1: New Material, Untraced Objects and Collections outside India and Pakistan, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia (Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae Humaniora 359).Does the Indus script encode language, or a non-linguistic sign system?

Susan Scott Parrish, American Curiosity: Cultures of Natural History in the Colonial British Atlantic World, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Omohundro Institute.Who supplied the medical knowledge that Hans Sloane's catalogues attribute to unnamed people?

Martti Pärssinen and Jukka Kiviharju, Textos andinos: Corpus de textos khipu incaicos y coloniales, Madrid: Instituto Iberoamericano de Finlandia and Universidad Complutense, Tomo I (2004), Tomo II (2010).Do khipus record more than numbers, and can their non-numerical signs be read?

Prasannan Parthasarathi, Rethinking Wages and Competitiveness in the Eighteenth Century: Britain and South India, Past & Present 158: 79–109.Were real wages in the Yangzi delta and Bengal comparable to England's before 1750?

Prasannan Parthasarathi, Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Were real wages in the Yangzi delta and Bengal comparable to England's before 1750?

J. R. Partington, A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Cambridge: Heffer (repr. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).By what route did knowledge of gunpowder reach Latin Europe in the thirteenth century?

Helen Patterson, Robert Witcher and Helga Di Giuseppe, The Changing Landscapes of Rome's Northern Hinterland: The British School at Rome's Tiber Valley Project, Oxford: Archaeopress.How large was the Roman citizen population in the late Republic and under Augustus?

Olaf Pedersen (rev. Alexander Jones), A Survey of the Almagest, New York: Springer (first ed. 1974).Did Ptolemy observe the Almagest star catalogue or adapt Hipparchus's?

M. Perceval-Maxwell, The Ulster Rising of 1641, and the Depositions, Irish Historical Studies 21 (82): 144–167.How many people were killed in the Irish rising of 1641?

M. Perceval-Maxwell, The Outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Dublin: Gill & Macmillan; Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.How many people were killed in the Irish rising of 1641?

Dwight H. Perkins, Agricultural Development in China, 1368–1968, Chicago: Aldine.How many people lived in China around 1600, and how many died between 1620 and 1680?

Andrew Pettegree, The Legion of the Lost: Recovering the Lost Books of Early Modern Europe, in Bruni and Pettegree, eds., Lost Books (Leiden: Brill), 1–27.How many early printed editions have been lost without trace?

Andreas Pfisterer, Cantilena Romana: Untersuchungen zur Überlieferung des gregorianischen Chorals, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Kirchenmusik 11. Paderborn: Schöningh.Did Gregorian chant descend from Old Roman chant, or did both come from a common ancestor?

Jacke Phillips, Punt and Aksum: Egypt and the Horn of Africa, Journal of African History 38 (3): 423–457.Where was the land of Punt?

Victoria R. M. Pickering, Sealed and concealed: the uses of Hans Sloane's collection of 'Vegetable Substances', Journal of the History of Collections 33 (3): 481–492.Who supplied the medical knowledge that Hans Sloane's catalogues attribute to unnamed people?

Antoine Pietrobelli, New Considerations on the Manuscript Thessalonicensis Vlatadon 14, Religion in the Roman Empire 12 (2): 120–146.Which lost works of Galen survive unrecognised in Arabic and Syriac?

Joan R. Piggott, The Emergence of Japanese Kingship, Stanford: Stanford University Press.Where was Yamatai, the realm of Queen Himiko?

Ana M. Pires and João A. Branco, A Statistical Model to Explain the Mendel–Fisher Controversy, Statistical Science 25 (4).Were Mendel's pea-hybrid data too close to expectation, and if so, why?

Kim Plofker, The 'Error' in the Indian 'Taylor Series Approximation' to the Sine, Historia Mathematica 28 (4): 283–295.Did Kerala-school infinite series reach early modern Europe through Jesuit missionaries?

Kim Plofker, Mathematics in India, Princeton: Princeton University Press.Did Kerala-school infinite series reach early modern Europe through Jesuit missionaries?

Zoé Pochon et al., aMeta: An Accurate and Memory-Efficient Ancient Metagenomic Profiling Workflow, Genome Biology 24: 242.Did the Black Death reach sub-Saharan Africa in the fourteenth century?

Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press.Were real wages in the Yangzi delta and Bengal comparable to England's before 1750?

Peter E. Pormann, Translation into Syriac, Arabic, and Hebrew, in The Oxford Handbook of Galen (Oxford University Press): 512–534.Which lost works of Galen survive unrecognised in Arabic and Syriac?

Konstantin Pozdniakov, Les bases du déchiffrement de l'écriture de l'île de Pâques, Journal de la Société des Océanistes 103 (2): 289–303.Was rongorongo an independent invention of writing?

Goran Proot, Survival Factors of Seventeenth-Century Hand-Press Books Published in the Southern Netherlands: The Importance of Sheet Counts, Sammelbände and the Role of Institutional Collections, in Bruni and Pettegree, eds., Lost Books (Leiden: Brill), 160–201.How many early printed editions have been lost without trace?

Thomas A. A. Prowse, Christopher N. Johnson, Robert C. Lacy, Corey J. A. Bradshaw, John P. Pollak, Michael J. Watts and Barry W. Brook, No need for disease: testing extinction hypotheses for the thylacine using multi-species metamodels, Journal of Animal Ecology 82 (2): 355–364.When did the thylacine go extinct in the wild?

Heiko Prümers, Carla Jaimes Betancourt, José Iriarte, Mark Robinson and Martin Schaich, Lidar Reveals Pre-Hispanic Low-Density Urbanism in the Bolivian Amazon, Nature 606: 325–328.How many people lived in the Americas in 1492?

Regine Pruzsinszky, Mesopotamian Chronology of the 2nd Millennium B.C., Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 22. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.What is the absolute chronology of early second-millennium BCE Mesopotamia?

Marijn van Putten, "The Grace of God" as evidence for a written Uthmanic archetype: the importance of shared orthographic idiosyncrasies, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 82 (2): 271–288.When was the consonantal text of the Qurʾān standardized?

Marijn van Putten, Quranic Arabic: From its Hijazi Origins to its Classical Reading Traditions, Leiden: Brill.When was the consonantal text of the Qurʾān standardized?

Jian Qu, Social Order through Contracts: Qingshui River Manuscripts from Southwest China, Singapore: Springer.How literate was the population of late imperial China?

Qu Jian 瞿见, 'Yi kou daibi' yu 'yi gao daibi': Qingdai Qingshui jiang qiyue de daibi fangshi “依口代笔”与“依稿代笔”：清代清水江契约的代笔方式, Sixiang zhanxian 思想战线 50 (1): 83–97.How literate was the population of late imperial China?

Jeffrey Quilter and Gary Urton (eds.), Narrative Threads: Accounting and Recounting in Andean Khipu, Austin: University of Texas Press.Do khipus record more than numbers, and can their non-numerical signs be read?

Oskar K. Rabinowicz, The Shapira Scroll: A Nineteenth-Century Forgery, Jewish Quarterly Review 56 (1).Were Moses Shapira's Deuteronomy fragments an ancient text or an 1880s forgery?

Gregory Radick, Beyond the 'Mendel-Fisher Controversy', Science 350 (6257): 159–160.Were Mendel's pea-hybrid data too close to expectation, and if so, why?

Gregory Radick, Mendel the Fraud? A Social History of Truth in Genetics, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 93: 39–46.Were Mendel's pea-hybrid data too close to expectation, and if so, why?

F. Jamil Ragep, Copernicus and His Islamic Predecessors: Some Historical Remarks, History of Science 45 (1): 65–81.How, if at all, did Copernicus learn of the Maragha-school planetary models?

F. Jamil Ragep, Ibn al-Shāṭir and Copernicus: The Uppsala Notes Revisited, Journal for the History of Astronomy 47 (4): 395–415.How, if at all, did Copernicus learn of the Maragha-school planetary models?

F. Jamil Ragep, From Tūn to Toruń: The Twists and Turns of the Ṭūsī-Couple, in R. Feldhay and F. J. Ragep (eds), Before Copernicus, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 161–197.How, if at all, did Copernicus learn of the Maragha-school planetary models?

C. T. Rajagopal and M. S. Rangachari, On an Untapped Source of Medieval Keralese Mathematics, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 18 (2): 89–102.Did Kerala-school infinite series reach early modern Europe through Jesuit missionaries?

C. K. Raju, Computers, Mathematics Education, and the Alternative Epistemology of the Calculus in the Yuktibhāṣā, Philosophy East and West 51 (3): 325–362.Did Kerala-school infinite series reach early modern Europe through Jesuit missionaries?

C. K. Raju, Cultural Foundations of Mathematics: The Nature of Mathematical Proof and the Transmission of the Calculus from India to Europe in the 16th c. CE, New Delhi: Pearson Longman (PHISPC vol. X, pt. 4).Did Kerala-school infinite series reach early modern Europe through Jesuit missionaries?

Jennifer M. Rampling, The Experimental Fire: Inventing English Alchemy, 1300–1700, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.What texts did Newton copy in the alchemical manuscripts whose sources are unidentified?

Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Bayesian Analysis of Radiocarbon Dates, Radiocarbon 51 (1): 337–360.What is the absolute chronology of early second-millennium BCE Mesopotamia?

David Randall-MacIver and C. Leonard Woolley, with F. Ll. Griffith, Areika, Eckley B. Coxe Junior Expedition to Nubia 1. Oxford: University Museum.Can the Meroitic language be translated beyond its funerary formulae?

Luz M. Rangel and Aureli Alabert, Two corrections to recent censuses of the Gutenberg 42-line bible, Journal of the Printing Historical Society, new series 3: 101–113.How did Gutenberg cast his type?

Susan Rankin, Writing Sounds in Carolingian Europe: The Invention of Musical Notation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Did Gregorian chant descend from Old Roman chant, or did both come from a common ancestor?

Rajesh P. N. Rao, Nisha Yadav, Mayank N. Vahia, Hrishikesh Joglekar, R. Adhikari and Iravatham Mahadevan, Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script, Science 324 (5931): 1165.Does the Indus script encode language, or a non-linguistic sign system?

Evelyn Sakakida Rawski, Education and Popular Literacy in Ch'ing China, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (Michigan Studies on China).How literate was the population of late imperial China?

Thomas G. Rawski, Weak Data Nullify Bold Claims about Economic Trends in Qing China, Asia-Pacific Economic History Review 65 (2): 273–299.Were real wages in the Yangzi delta and Bengal comparable to England's before 1750?

Julian E. Reade, Early monuments in Gulf stone at the British Museum, with observations on some Gudea statues and the location of Agade, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 92 (2): 258–295.Where was Agade, the capital of the Sargonic empire?

Anthony Reid, History and Seismology in the Ring of Fire: Punctuating the Indonesian Past, in D. Henley and H. Schulte Nordholt (eds.), Environment, Trade and Society in Southeast Asia: 62–77. Leiden: Brill.Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

Anthony Reid, Two hitherto unknown Indonesian tsunamis of the seventeenth century: Probabilities and context, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 47 (1): 88–108.Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

Paula J. Reimer, William E. N. Austin, Edouard Bard and others, The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP), Radiocarbon 62 (4): 725–757.What is the absolute chronology of early second-millennium BCE Mesopotamia?

Fred N. Reiner, C. D. Ginsburg and the Shapira Affair: A Nineteenth-Century Dead Sea Scroll Controversy, British Library Journal 21.Were Moses Shapira's Deuteronomy fragments an ancient text or an 1880s forgery?

Andrés Reséndez, The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

Christoph Reske, Hat Johannes Gutenberg das Gießinstrument erfunden? Mikroskopischer Typenvergleich an frühen Drucken, Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 90: 40–59; English translation, 'Did Johannes Gutenberg invent the hand mould?', JGU Mainz, 2021.How did Gutenberg cast his type?

Claude Rilly, La langue du royaume de Méroé: Un panorama de la plus ancienne culture écrite d'Afrique subsaharienne, Bibliothèque de l'École des hautes études, Sciences historiques et philologiques 344. Paris: Champion.Can the Meroitic language be translated beyond its funerary formulae?

Claude Rilly, Le méroïtique et sa famille linguistique, Afrique et langage 14. Louvain and Paris: Peeters.Can the Meroitic language be translated beyond its funerary formulae?

Claude Rilly, Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan, Ityopis 1.Can the Meroitic language be translated beyond its funerary formulae?

Claude Rilly and Alex de Voogt, The Meroitic Language and Writing System, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Can the Meroitic language be translated beyond its funerary formulae?

Claude Rilly, Languages of Ancient Nubia, in Dietrich Raue (ed.), Handbook of Ancient Nubia. Berlin: De Gruyter, 129–152.Can the Meroitic language be translated beyond its funerary formulae?

Claude Rilly, Personal Markers and Verbal Number in Meroitic, Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies 7.Can the Meroitic language be translated beyond its funerary formulae?

Claude Rilly, Language and Writing in the Kingdom of Meroe, in Geoff Emberling and Bruce Beyer Williams (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 653–669.Can the Meroitic language be translated beyond its funerary formulae?

David L. Roberts and Andrew R. Solow, When did the dodo become extinct?, Nature 426: 245.What new evidence can fix when and why five historically extinct species disappeared?When did the thylacine go extinct in the wild?

Joris Roosen and Daniel R. Curtis, Dangers of Noncritical Use of Historical Plague Data, Emerging Infectious Diseases 24, no. 1: 103-110.How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

Ángel Rosenblat, La población indígena y el mestizaje en América, Buenos Aires: Nova, 2 vols..How many people lived in the Americas in 1492?

Kirsty Rowan, The Meroitic 'Initial a' Sign as Griffith's Initial Aleph, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 142 (1): 70–84.Can the Meroitic language be translated beyond its funerary formulae?

Tirthankar Roy, Economic Conditions in Early Modern Bengal: A Contribution to the Divergence Debate, Journal of Economic History 70 (1): 179–194.Were real wages in the Yangzi delta and Bengal comparable to England's before 1750?

Charles M. Rubin, Benjamin P. Horton, Kerry Sieh et al., Highly variable recurrence of tsunamis in the 7,400 years before the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Nature Communications 8: 16019.Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

Brett Rushforth, Bonds of Alliance: Indigenous and Atlantic Slaveries in New France, Chapel Hill: Omohundro Institute / University of North Carolina Press.How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

Behnam Sadeghi and Uwe Bergmann, The Codex of a Companion of the Prophet and the Qurʾān of the Prophet, Arabica 57 (4): 343–436.When was the consonantal text of the Qurʾān standardized?

Behnam Sadeghi and Mohsen Goudarzi, Ṣanʿāʾ 1 and the Origins of the Qurʾān, Der Islam 87 (1–2): 1–129.When was the consonantal text of the Qurʾān standardized?

Ester Salgarella, Aegean Linear Script(s): Rethinking the Relationship between Linear A and Linear B, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.What language does Linear A record, and can any proposed family beat chance?

Ester Salgarella and Simon Castellan, SigLA: The Signs of Linear A. A Palaeographical Database, Online database (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).What language does Linear A record, and can any proposed family beat chance?

George Saliba, Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.How, if at all, did Copernicus learn of the Maragha-school planetary models?

Frank Salomon, The Cord Keepers: Khipus and Cultural Life in a Peruvian Village, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Do khipus record more than numbers, and can their non-numerical signs be read?

K. V. Sarma, K. Ramasubramanian, M. D. Srinivas and M. S. Sriram, Gaṇita-Yukti-Bhāṣā (Rationales in Mathematical Astronomy) of Jyeṣṭhadeva, New Delhi: Hindustan Book Agency; Springer.Did Kerala-school infinite series reach early modern Europe through Jesuit missionaries?

Peter Sarris, The Justinianic plague: origins and effects, Continuity and Change 17 (2): 169–182.How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

Peter Sarris, New Approaches to the 'Plague of Justinian', Past & Present 254 (1): 315–346.How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

Kenji Satake, Kunihiko Shimazaki, Yoshinobu Tsuji and Kazue Ueda, Time and size of a giant earthquake in Cascadia inferred from Japanese tsunami records of January 1700, Nature 379: 246–249.Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

Emilie Savage-Smith, Simon Swain and Geert Jan van Gelder (eds.), A Literary History of Medicine: The ʿUyūn al-anbāʾ fī ṭabaqāt al-aṭibbāʾ of Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿah, Leiden: Brill (open access).Which lost works of Galen survive unrecognised in Arabic and Syriac?

Bradley E. Schaefer, The Epoch of the Constellations on the Farnese Atlas and Their Origin in Hipparchus's Lost Catalogue, Journal for the History of Astronomy 36 (2): 167–196.Did Ptolemy observe the Almagest star catalogue or adapt Hipparchus's?

Walter Scheidel, Roman Population Size: The Logic of the Debate, in L. de Ligt and S. Northwood (eds.), People, Land, and Politics: Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC–AD 14 (Leiden: Brill).How large was the Roman citizen population in the late Republic and under Augustus?

Vincent Scheil, Textes élamites-sémitiques, troisième série, Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse 6. Paris: Leroux.Does Proto-Elamite record language, and is it the ancestor of Linear Elamite?

Londa Schiebinger, Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Who supplied the medical knowledge that Hans Sloane's catalogues attribute to unnamed people?

Londa Schiebinger, Secret Cures of Slaves: People, Plants, and Medicine in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World, Stanford: Stanford University Press.Who supplied the medical knowledge that Hans Sloane's catalogues attribute to unnamed people?

Boris V. Schmid, Ulf Büntgen, W. Ryan Easterday, Christian Ginzler, Lars Walløe, Barbara Bramanti and Nils Chr. Stenseth, Climate-driven introduction of the Black Death and successive plague reintroductions into Europe, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (10): 3020–3025.Why did plague disappear from western Europe after the early eighteenth century?

Julia C. Schneider, Crunching Numbers in Ming Times: What Population Censuses Can Tell about Chinese Migration towards the South, Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studies 6 (2): 101–139.How many people lived in China around 1600, and how many died between 1620 and 1680?

A. W. Schorger, The Passenger Pigeon: Its Natural History and Extinction, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.What new evidence can fix when and why five historically extinct species disappeared?

Stuart B. Schwartz, Indian Labor and New World Plantations: European Demands and Indian Responses in Northeastern Brazil, American Historical Review 83 (1).How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

Adam C. Schwartz, The Oracle Bone Inscriptions from Huayuanzhuang East, Boston and Berlin: De Gruyter.What do the thousands of unread Shang oracle-bone graphs mean?

Brad Scott, Victoria Pickering, Richard Coulton, Julianne Nyhan and Mark Carine, Collecting and cataloguing the world: the botanical collections of Hans Sloane (1660–1753), Systematics and Biodiversity 23 (1).Who supplied the medical knowledge that Hans Sloane's catalogues attribute to unnamed people?

Cécile Chapelain de Seréville-Niel and Gérard Chouin, Témoins africains de crises sanitaires ?, Les Nouvelles de l'Archéologie 169: 57–63.Did the Black Death reach sub-Saharan Africa in the fourteenth century?

Cécile Chapelain de Seréville-Niel, Gérard Chouin and Adisa Ogunfolakan, Retour sur l'archéologie funéraire médiévale du Sud-Ouest du Nigeria, Afrique: Archéologie & Arts 20: 37–62.Did the Black Death reach sub-Saharan Africa in the fourteenth century?

Charles Seymour, Jr., Dark Chamber and Light-Filled Room: Vermeer and the Camera Obscura, The Art Bulletin 46 (3): 323–331.Did Vermeer use a camera obscura or other optical aids?

Ethan Howard Shagan, Constructing Discord: Ideology, Propaganda, and English Responses to the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Journal of British Studies 36 (1): 4–34.How many people were killed in the Irish rising of 1641?

Sayid Ghulam Mustafa Shah and Asko Parpola (eds.), Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions, 2: Collections in Pakistan, Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia (Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae B 240).Does the Indus script encode language, or a non-linguistic sign system?

Edward L. Shaughnessy, "New" Evidence on the Zhou Conquest, Early China 6: 57–79.In what year did the Zhou conquer the Shang?

Edward L. Shaughnessy, The "Current" Bamboo Annals and the Date of the Zhou Conquest of Shang, Early China 11: 33–60.In what year did the Zhou conquer the Shang?

Edward L. Shaughnessy, Sources of Western Zhou History: Inscribed Bronze Vessels, Berkeley: University of California Press.In what year did the Zhou conquer the Shang?

Edward L. Shaughnessy, Chronologies of Ancient China: A Critique of the "Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project", in Clara Wing-chung Ho (ed.), Windows on the Chinese World. Lanham: Lexington Books, 15–28.In what year did the Zhou conquer the Shang?

Edward L. Shaughnessy, The Xia Shang Zhou duandai gongcheng baogao and Its Chronology of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Early China 46: 351–371.In what year did the Zhou conquer the Shang?

Robert C.-H. Shell, Children of Bondage: A Social History of the Slave Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1838, Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press.How many people were carried in the Indian Ocean slave trades, 1500–1850?

William R. Shepherd, Wilkinson and the Beginnings of the Spanish Conspiracy, American Historical Review 9 (3): 490–506.What do James Wilkinson's unread coded dispatches to Spanish officials say?

William R. Shepherd (ed.), Papers Bearing on James Wilkinson's Relations with Spain, 1787–1789, American Historical Review 9 (4): 748–766.What do James Wilkinson's unread coded dispatches to Spanish officials say?

Abdul Sheriff, Slaves, Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar: Integration of an East African Commercial Empire into the World Economy, 1770–1873, London: James Currey.How many people were carried in the Indian Ocean slave trades, 1500–1850?

William L. Sherman, Indian Slavery and the Cerrato Reforms, Hispanic American Historical Review 51 (1): 25–50.How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

William L. Sherman, Forced Native Labor in Sixteenth-Century Central America, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

M. Shevchenko, An Analysis of Errors in the Star Catalogues of Ptolemy and Ulugh Beg, Journal for the History of Astronomy 21 (2): 187–201.Did Ptolemy observe the Almagest star catalogue or adapt Hipparchus's?

Stephen J. Shoemaker, Creating the Qur'an: A Historical-Critical Study, Oakland: University of California Press.When was the consonantal text of the Qurʾān standardized?

Hythem Sidky, On the Regionality of Qurʾānic Codices, Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association 5: 133–210.When was the consonantal text of the Qurʾān standardized?

Kerry Sieh, Patrick Daly, E. Edwards McKinnon et al., Penultimate predecessors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Aceh, Sumatra: Stratigraphic, archeological, and historical evidence, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 120 (1): 308–325.Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

M. Sigl, M. Winstrup, J. R. McConnell, K. C. Welten et al., Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years, Nature 523 (7562): 543–549.Which volcanoes caused the great unattributed sulfate spikes in polar ice, above all 1809?

Michael Sigl and Matthew Toohey, Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections from 500 BCE to 1900 CE, eVolv2k_version4, PANGAEA dataset.Which volcanoes caused the great unattributed sulfate spikes in polar ice, above all 1809?

Nicolai Sinai, When did the consonantal skeleton of the Quran reach closure? Part I, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 77 (2): 273–292.When was the consonantal text of the Qurʾān standardized?

Micheál Ó Siochrú (project director), The Down Survey of Ireland, Trinity College Dublin (online resource).How many people were killed in the Irish rising of 1641?

Sashi Sivramkrishna, Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 1800–01: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence Debate, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 52 (4): 695–733.Were real wages in the Yangzi delta and Bengal comparable to England's before 1750?

Paul Slack, The Disappearance of Plague: An Alternative View, Economic History Review 34 (3).Why did plague disappear from western Europe after the early eighteenth century?

Paul Slack, Perceptions of plague in eighteenth-century Europe, Economic History Review 75 (1): 138–156.Why did plague disappear from western Europe after the early eighteenth century?

Stephen R. Sleightholme and Cameron R. Campbell, A retrospective assessment of 20th century thylacine populations, Australian Zoologist 38 (1): 102–129.When did the thylacine go extinct in the wild?

Adam Smith, The Evidence for Scribal Training at Anyang, in Li Feng and David Prager Branner (eds.), Writing and Literacy in Early China. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 181–213.What do the thousands of unread Shang oracle-bone graphs mean?

Noel F. R. Snyder, The Carolina Parakeet: Glimpses of a Vanished Bird, Princeton: Princeton University Press.What new evidence can fix when and why five historically extinct species disappeared?

Andrew R. Solow, Inferring Extinction from Sighting Data, Ecology 74 (3): 962–964.When did the thylacine go extinct in the wild?

Richard Sproat, Ancient Symbols, Computational Linguistics, and the Reviewing Practices of the General Science Journals, Computational Linguistics 36 (3): 585–594.Does the Indus script encode language, or a non-linguistic sign system?

Richard Sproat, A Statistical Comparison of Written Language and Nonlinguistic Symbol Systems, Language 90 (2): 457–481.Does the Indus script encode language, or a non-linguistic sign system?Was rongorongo an independent invention of writing?

Maria A. Spyrou et al., Phylogeography of the Second Plague Pandemic Revealed through Analysis of Historical Yersinia pestis Genomes, Nature Communications 10: 4470.Did the Black Death reach sub-Saharan Africa in the fourteenth century?Why did plague disappear from western Europe after the early eighteenth century?

Maria A. Spyrou et al., The Source of the Black Death in Fourteenth-Century Central Eurasia, Nature 606: 718–724.Did the Black Death reach sub-Saharan Africa in the fourteenth century?

Bruno Stäblein and Margareta Landwehr-Melnicki, Die Gesänge des altrömischen Graduale Vat. lat. 5319, Monumenta Monodica Medii Aevi 2. Kassel: Bärenreiter.Did Gregorian chant descend from Old Roman chant, or did both come from a common ancestor?

Jeffrey Stackert, A Text That Was but Isn't: On the Contribution of Literary Evidence in the Assessment of Shapira Deuteronomy, Maarav 27 (1–2): 74–90.Were Moses Shapira's Deuteronomy fragments an ancient text or an 1880s forgery?

David W. Stahle, Edward R. Cook, Dorian J. Burnette, José Villanueva, Julián Cerano et al., The Mexican Drought Atlas: Tree-ring reconstructions of the soil moisture balance during the late pre-Hispanic, colonial, and modern eras, Quaternary Science Reviews 149: 34–60.What caused the cocoliztli epidemics of 1545 and 1576 in New Spain?

Dionysios Ch. Stathakopoulos, Famine and Pestilence in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Empire: A Systematic Survey of Subsistence Crises and Epidemics, Aldershot: Ashgate (reissued Routledge 2017).How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

Philip Steadman, Vermeer's Camera: Uncovering the Truth Behind the Masterpieces, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Did Vermeer use a camera obscura or other optical aids?

María Cristina Urrutia de Stebelski, Guía del ramo Filipinas, México: Archivo General de la Nación (Serie Guías y Catálogos 5).How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

Leonhard Stejneger, How the Great Northern Sea-Cow (Rytina) Became Exterminated, The American Naturalist 21 (12): 1047–1054.What new evidence can fix when and why five historically extinct species disappeared?

Nils Chr. Stenseth, Yuxin Tao, Chutian Zhang, Barbara Bramanti, Ulf Büntgen et al., No evidence for persistent natural plague reservoirs in historical and modern Europe, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119 (51): e2209816119.Why did plague disappear from western Europe after the early eighteenth century?

Erin Woodruff Stone, Captives of Conquest: Slavery in the Early Modern Spanish Caribbean, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

David G. Stork, Christopher W. Tyler and Sara J. Schechner, Did Tim Paint a Vermeer?, Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 64 (6): 060403.Did Vermeer use a camera obscura or other optical aids?

H. E. Strickland and A. G. Melville, The Dodo and Its Kindred, London: Reeve, Benham and Reeve.What new evidence can fix when and why five historically extinct species disappeared?

N. M. Swerdlow, The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus's Planetary Theory: A Translation of the Commentariolus with Commentary, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 117 (6): 423–512.How, if at all, did Copernicus learn of the Maragha-school planetary models?

N. M. Swerdlow and O. Neugebauer, Mathematical Astronomy in Copernicus's De Revolutionibus, New York: Springer.How, if at all, did Copernicus learn of the Maragha-school planetary models?

Ken-ichi Takashima, Towards a More Rigorous Methodology of Deciphering Oracle-Bone Inscriptions, T'oung Pao 86 (4): 363–399.What do the thousands of unread Shang oracle-bone graphs mean?

Ken-ichi Takashima and Paul L-M. Serruys, Studies of Fascicle Three of Inscriptions from the Yin Ruins, 2 vols. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.What do the thousands of unread Shang oracle-bone graphs mean?

OKR Team (Open Khipu Research Laboratory; advisory board Carrie Brezine, Mackinley FitzPatrick, Iván Ghezzi, Sabine Hyland, Manuel Medrano, Jeffrey Splitstoser), The Open Khipu Repository, v2.1.0, Zenodo dataset.Do khipus record more than numbers, and can their non-numerical signs be read?

John Temple, The Irish Rebellion, London: R. White for Samuel Gellibrand.How many people were killed in the Irish rising of 1641?

John J. TePaske (ed. Kendall W. Brown), A New World of Gold and Silver, Leiden: Brill (The Atlantic World 21).How much American silver reached China between 1550 and 1800?

Jessica E. Thomas et al., Demographic reconstruction from ancient DNA supports rapid extinction of the great auk, eLife 8: e47509.What new evidence can fix when and why five historically extinct species disappeared?

Russell Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History since 1492, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.How many people lived in the Americas in 1492?

Huang Tianshu, Yinxu wang buci de fenlei yu duandai 殷墟王卜辭的分類與斷代, Taipei: Wenjin chubanshe.What do the thousands of unread Shang oracle-bone graphs mean?

Huang Tianshu (chief ed.), Jiaguwen moben daxi 甲骨文摹本大系, 43 vols. Beijing: Peking University Press.What do the thousands of unread Shang oracle-bone graphs mean?

G. R. Tibbetts, A Study of the Arabic Texts Containing Material on South-East Asia, Leiden: Brill.Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

Chanan Tigay, The Lost Book of Moses: The Hunt for the World's Oldest Bible, New York: Ecco.Were Moses Shapira's Deuteronomy fragments an ancient text or an 1880s forgery?

Claudia Timmreck, Matthew Toohey, Davide Zanchettin, Stefan Brönnimann et al., The unidentified eruption of 1809: a climatic cold case, Climate of the Past 17 (4): 1455–1482.Which volcanoes caused the great unattributed sulfate spikes in polar ice, above all 1809?

Matthew Toohey and Michael Sigl, Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500 BCE to 1900 CE, Earth System Science Data 9 (2): 809–831.Which volcanoes caused the great unattributed sulfate spikes in polar ice, above all 1809?

G. J. Toomer (trans.), Ptolemy's Almagest, London: Duckworth (repr. Princeton University Press, 1998).Did Ptolemy observe the Almagest star catalogue or adapt Hipparchus's?

Nakamura Toshio, Makimuku iseki shutsudo no momo no kaku no AMS 14C nendai sokutei (AMS radiocarbon dating of peach stones from the Makimuku site), Makimukugaku kenkyū 6: 65–73.Where was Yamatai, the realm of Queen Himiko?

Nakamura Toshio, Makimuku iseki shutsudo momo kaku no AMS 14C nendai no saishinban kōsei dēta IntCal20 ni yoru reki-nen kōsei, Makimukugaku kenkyū 10: 291–300.Where was Yamatai, the realm of Queen Himiko?

Michael Treadwell, London Trade Publishers 1675–1750, The Library, 6th ser., 4 (2): 99–134.Who printed the anonymous and false-imprint books of eighteenth-century Britain?

Leo Treitler, Homer and Gregory: The Transmission of Epic Poetry and Plainchant, The Musical Quarterly 60 (3): 333–372.Did Gregorian chant descend from Old Roman chant, or did both come from a common ancestor?

Claudia Maria Tresso, Two-year Journey under the Arrows of the Black Death, Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 21: 137–189.Which of the journeys in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Riḥla did he actually make?

Bruce G. Trigger, Spoken and Written Meroitic: A Note on the Terminal Formulae in Meroitic Funerary Inscriptions from Armenna West, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 53: 166.Can the Meroitic language be translated beyond its funerary formulae?

Marcel Trudel, Dictionnaire des esclaves et de leurs propriétaires au Canada français, Montreal: Hurtubise HMH.How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

Ryusaku Tsunoda and L. Carrington Goodrich, Japan in the Chinese Dynastic Histories: Later Han through Ming Dynasties, South Pasadena: P. D. and Ione Perkins.Where was Yamatai, the realm of Queen Himiko?

Samuel T. Turvey and Claire L. Risley, Modelling the extinction of Steller's sea cow, Biology Letters 2 (1): 94–97.What new evidence can fix when and why five historically extinct species disappeared?

Manfred Ullmann, Die Medizin im Islam, Handbuch der Orientalistik I, Ergänzungsband VI.1. Leiden: Brill.Which lost works of Galen survive unrecognised in Arabic and Syriac?

Gary Urton and Carrie J. Brezine, Khipu Accounting in Ancient Peru, Science 309 (5737): 1065–1067.Do khipus record more than numbers, and can their non-numerical signs be read?

Uwe Vagelpohl (ed.), Galeni In Hippocratis Epidemiarum librum II commentariorum I–VI versio Arabica, Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, Supplementum Orientale V 2. Berlin: De Gruyter.Which lost works of Galen survive unrecognised in Arabic and Syriac?

Uwe Vagelpohl (ed.), Galeni In Hippocratis Epidemiarum librum VI commentariorum I–VIII versio Arabica, Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, Supplementum Orientale. Berlin: De Gruyter.Which lost works of Galen survive unrecognised in Arabic and Syriac?

Åshild J. Vågene, Alexander Herbig, Michael G. Campana, Nelly M. Robles García, Christina Warinner, Susanna Sabin et al., Salmonella enterica genomes from victims of a major sixteenth-century epidemic in Mexico, Nature Ecology & Evolution 2 (3): 520–528.What caused the cocoliztli epidemics of 1545 and 1576 in New Spain?

Miguel Valério, The Rongorongo 'Lunar Calendar' of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) and the Type of Script, in S. Ferrara, B. Montecchi and M. Valério (eds.), Writing from Invention to Decipherment (Oxford University Press): 189–224.Was rongorongo an independent invention of writing?

A. Vallenari et al. (Gaia Collaboration), Gaia Data Release 3: Summary of the Content and Survey Properties, Astronomy & Astrophysics 674: A1.Did Ptolemy observe the Almagest star catalogue or adapt Hipparchus's?

Abbie Vandivere, Annelies van Loon, Kathryn A. Dooley, Ralph Haswell, Robert G. Erdmann, Emilien Leonhardt, Revealing the painterly technique beneath the surface of Vermeer's Girl with a Pearl Earring using macro- and microscale imaging, Heritage Science 7: 64.Did Vermeer use a camera obscura or other optical aids?

Nükhet Varlık, Plague and Empire in the Early Modern Mediterranean World: The Ottoman Experience, 1347–1600, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Why did plague disappear from western Europe after the early eighteenth century?

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Thomas Vernet, Slave Trade and Slavery on the Swahili Coast (1500–1750), in B. A. Mirzai, I. M. Montana and P. Lovejoy (eds.), Slavery, Islam and Diaspora, Trenton: Africa World Press, 37–76.How many people were carried in the Indian Ocean slave trades, 1500–1850?

Markus Vink, "The World's Oldest Trade": Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century, Journal of World History 14 (2): 131–177.How many people were carried in the Indian Ocean slave trades, 1500–1850?

Heinrich Vogt, Versuch einer Wiederherstellung von Hipparchs Fixsternverzeichnis, Astronomische Nachrichten 224 (2–3): 17–54.Did Ptolemy observe the Almagest star catalogue or adapt Hipparchus's?

Geoff Wade (trans.), Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: An Open Access Resource, Singapore: Asia Research Institute and Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore.Did anyone write down the Aceh tsunamis of c. 1394 and c. 1450?

Jørgen Wadum, Vermeer in Perspective, in Arthur K. Wheelock Jr., ed., Johannes Vermeer (Washington: National Gallery of Art; The Hague: Mauritshuis), 67–79.Did Vermeer use a camera obscura or other optical aids?

Donald B. Wagner, The Administration of the Iron Industry in Eleventh-Century China, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 44 (2): 175–197.How much iron did Song China produce in the eleventh century?

Donald B. Wagner, Chinese blast furnaces from the 10th to the 14th century, Historical Metallurgy 37 (1): 25–37.How much iron did Song China produce in the eleventh century?

Donald B. Wagner, Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 5, part 11: Ferrous Metallurgy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.How much iron did Song China produce in the eleventh century?

David M. Wagner, Jennifer Klunk, Michaela Harbeck, Alison Devault and others, Yersinia pestis and the Plague of Justinian 541–543 AD: a genomic analysis, The Lancet Infectious Diseases 14 (4): 319–326.How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

David Waines, The Odyssey of Ibn Battuta: Uncommon Tales of a Medieval Adventurer, London: I. B. Tauris.Which of the journeys in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's Riḥla did he actually make?

Alison Walker, Arthur MacGregor and Michael Hunter (eds.), From Books to Bezoars: Sir Hans Sloane and His Collections, London: British Library.Who supplied the medical knowledge that Hans Sloane's catalogues attribute to unnamed people?

Christophe Wall-Romana, An Areal Location of Agade, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 49 (3): 205–245.Where was Agade, the capital of the Sargonic empire?

John Walter, Crowds and Political Violence in Early Modern Ireland: Galway and the 1641 Depositions, Irish Historical Studies 45 (168): 178–202.How many people were killed in the Irish rising of 1641?

Richard Walzer, Galen on Medical Experience: First Edition of the Arabic Version with English Translation and Notes, London: Oxford University Press for the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum.Which lost works of Galen survive unrecognised in Arabic and Syriac?

Pengjie Wang, Kaile Zhang, Xinyu Wang et al., An open dataset for oracle bone character recognition and decipherment, Scientific Data 11: 976.What do the thousands of unread Shang oracle-bone graphs mean?

Ruilin Wang, Lidia Pivovarova, Yann Ryan, Enes Yılandiloğlu and Mikko Tolonen, Image Reuse in Eighteenth-Century Book History: Large-Scale Data-Driven Study of Headpiece Ornament Variants, Digital Humanities Quarterly 19 (4).Who printed the anonymous and false-imprint books of eighteenth-century Britain?

John Wansbrough, Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation, London Oriental Series 31. Oxford: Oxford University Press.When was the consonantal text of the Qurʾān standardized?

Kerry Ward, Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.How many people were carried in the Indian Ocean slave trades, 1500–1850?

Christina Warinner, Nelly Robles García, Ronald Spores and Noreen Tuross, Disease, Demography, and Diet in Early Colonial New Spain: Investigation of a Sixteenth-Century Mixtec Cemetery at Teposcolula Yucundaa, Latin American Antiquity 23 (4): 467–489.What caused the cocoliztli epidemics of 1545 and 1576 in New Spain?

Christopher N. Warren, Avery Wiscomb, Pierce Williams, Samuel V. Lemley and Max G'Sell, Canst Thou Draw Out Leviathan with Computational Bibliography? New Angles on Printing Thomas Hobbes' "Ornaments" Edition, Eighteenth-Century Studies 54 (4): 827–859.Who printed the anonymous and false-imprint books of eighteenth-century Britain?

Michael L. Wayman and Helen Wang, Cast iron coins of Song dynasty China: a metallurgical study, Historical Metallurgy 37 (1): 6–24.How much iron did Song China produce in the eleventh century?

Ralph E. Weber, Masked Dispatches: Cryptograms and Cryptology in American History, 1775–1900, Fort Meade: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History.What do James Wilkinson's unread coded dispatches to Spanish officials say?

Gregor J. M. Weber, Johannes Vermeer: Faith, Light and Reflection, Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum; Rotterdam: nai010.Did Vermeer use a camera obscura or other optical aids?

Harvey Weiss, Kish, Akkad and Agade, Journal of the American Oriental Society 95 (3): 434–453.Where was Agade, the capital of the Sargonic empire?

W. F. R. Weldon, Mendel's Laws of Alternative Inheritance in Peas, Biometrika 1 (2): 228–233.Were Mendel's pea-hybrid data too close to expectation, and if so, why?

Bryan K. Wells and Andreas Fuls, The Archaeology and Epigraphy of Indus Writing, Oxford: Archaeopress.Does the Indus script encode language, or a non-linguistic sign system?

Wen Haibo 温海波, Zazi duwu yu Ming Qing shizi wenti yanjiu 杂字读物与明清识字问题研究, Anhui shixue 安徽史学 2021 (4).How literate was the population of late imperial China?

Richard S. Westfall, Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.What texts did Newton copy in the alchemical manuscripts whose sources are unidentified?

Arthur K. Wheelock, Jr., Perspective, Optics, and Delft Artists around 1650, New York: Garland (Harvard PhD dissertation, 1973).Did Vermeer use a camera obscura or other optical aids?

Charles M. Whish, On the Hindú Quadrature of the Circle, and the Infinite Series of the Proportion of the Circumference to the Diameter Exhibited in the Four S'ástras, the Tantra Sangraham, Yucti Bháshá, Carana Padhati, and Sadratnamála, Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 3 (3): 509–523.Did Kerala-school infinite series reach early modern Europe through Jesuit missionaries?

Arthur Preston Whitaker, The Spanish-American Frontier, 1783–1795: The Westward Movement and the Spanish Retreat in the Mississippi Valley, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.What do James Wilkinson's unread coded dispatches to Spanish officials say?

Arthur Preston Whitaker, James Wilkinson's First Descent to New Orleans in 1787, Hispanic American Historical Review 8 (1): 82–97.What do James Wilkinson's unread coded dispatches to Spanish officials say?

Sam White, The Climate of Rebellion in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Did the population of Ottoman Anatolia collapse in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Eric Marshall White, Editio Princeps: A History of the Gutenberg Bible, London and Turnhout: Harvey Miller.How did Gutenberg cast his type?

Lauren A. White and Lee Mordechai, Modeling the Justinianic Plague: Comparing hypothesized transmission routes, PLOS ONE 15, no. 4: e0231256.How many people did the Justinianic Plague kill, and did it change late antique society?

Neil L. Whitehead, Indigenous Slavery in South America, 1492–1820, in David Eltis and Stanley L. Engerman (eds.), The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 3 (Cambridge University Press), 248–272.How many Indigenous people were enslaved in the Americas between 1492 and 1900?

Rafał M. Wieczorek, Kamil E. Frankiewicz, Alexei A. Oskolski and Paul Horley, The rongorongo tablet from Berlin and the time-depth of Easter Island's writing system, Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 18 (2): 309–328.Was rongorongo an independent invention of writing?

Marjorie E. Wieseman, Alexandra Libby, E. Melanie Gifford and Dina Anchin, Vermeer's Studio and the Girl with a Flute: New Findings from the National Gallery of Art, Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art 14 (2).Did Vermeer use a camera obscura or other optical aids?

Hazel Wilkinson, Printers' Flowers as Evidence in the Identification of Unknown Printers: Two Examples from 1715, The Library, 7th ser., 14 (1): 70–79.Who printed the anonymous and false-imprint books of eighteenth-century Britain?

Hazel Wilkinson, Benjamin Franklin's London Printing 1725–26, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 110 (2): 139–180.Who printed the anonymous and false-imprint books of eighteenth-century Britain?

Hazel Wilkinson, James Briggs and Dirk Gorissen, Computer Vision and the Creation of a Database of Printers' Ornaments, Digital Humanities Quarterly 15 (1).Who printed the anonymous and false-imprint books of eighteenth-century Britain?

Alexandra E. Wingate, A Bibliographical Framework for Citation Analysis of Isaac Newton's Alchemical Manuscripts, Textual Cultures 18 (2).What texts did Newton copy in the alchemical manuscripts whose sources are unidentified?

Anna Winterbottom, Hybrid Knowledge in the Early East India Company World, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Who supplied the medical knowledge that Hans Sloane's catalogues attribute to unnamed people?

Robert Witcher, The extended metropolis: Urbs, suburbium and population, Journal of Roman Archaeology 18: 120–138.How large was the Roman citizen population in the late Republic and under Augustus?

J. B. Witter and S. Self, The Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption of AD 1452: potential magnitude and volatile release, Bulletin of Volcanology 69 (3): 301–318.Which volcanoes caused the great unattributed sulfate spikes in polar ice, above all 1809?

Tim Wright, An Economic Cycle in Imperial China? Revisiting Robert Hartwell on Iron and Coal, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 50: 398–423.How much iron did Song China produce in the eleventh century?

Qiu Xigui, Wenzixue gaiyao 文字學概要, Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan; English trans. by Gilbert L. Mattos and Jerry Norman as Chinese Writing (Society for the Study of Early China, 2000).What do the thousands of unread Shang oracle-bone graphs mean?

Yu Xingwu (ed.), with commentary by Yao Xiaosui, Jiagu wenzi gulin 甲骨文字詁林, 4 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.What do the thousands of unread Shang oracle-bone graphs mean?

Li Xueqin, The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project: Methodology and Results, Journal of East Asian Archaeology 4 (1): 321–333.In what year did the Zhou conquer the Shang?

Nisha Yadav, Hrishikesh Joglekar, Rajesh P. N. Rao, Mayank N. Vahia, Ronojoy Adhikari and Iravatham Mahadevan, Statistical Analysis of the Indus Script Using n-Grams, PLoS ONE 5 (3): e9506.Does the Indus script encode language, or a non-linguistic sign system?

Kaplan Yalcin, Cameron P. Wake, Karl J. Kreutz et al., Ice core evidence for a second volcanic eruption around 1809 in the Northern Hemisphere, Geophysical Research Letters 33.Which volcanoes caused the great unattributed sulfate spikes in polar ice, above all 1809?

Rudolph A. Zambardino, Mexico's Population in the Sixteenth Century: Demographic Anomaly or Mathematical Illusion?, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (1).How many people lived in the Americas in 1492?

Liu Zhao (chief ed.), Xin jiaguwen bian 新甲骨文編 (revised edition), Fuzhou: Fujian renmin chubanshe (first ed. 2009).What do the thousands of unread Shang oracle-bone graphs mean?

Guo Zhiyu, Liu Kexin, Yuan Sixun et al., AMS Radiocarbon Dating of the Fengxi Site in Shaanxi, China, Radiocarbon 47 (2): 221–229.In what year did the Zhou conquer the Shang?

Wang Zhongshu, Problems of the Triangular-rimmed Bronze Mirrors with Divinity and Animal Design Unearthed from Japan, Chinese Archaeology 1 (1).Where was Yamatai, the realm of Queen Himiko?

Zhemin Zhou, Inge Lundstrøm, Alicia Tran-Dien, Sebastián Duchêne, Nabil-Fareed Alikhan, Martin J. Sergeant et al., Pan-genome Analysis of Ancient and Modern Salmonella enterica Demonstrates Genomic Stability of the Invasive Para C Lineage for Millennia, Current Biology 28 (15): 2420–2428.What caused the cocoliztli epidemics of 1545 and 1576 in New Spain?

Nele Ziegler, Akkade à l'époque paléo-babylonienne, in N. Ziegler and E. Cancik-Kirschbaum (eds.), Entre les fleuves II (BBVO 24): 177–190.Where was Agade, the capital of the Sargonic empire?

Ines G. Županov, Missionary Tropics: The Catholic Frontier in India (16th-17th Centuries), Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Did Kerala-school infinite series reach early modern Europe through Jesuit missionaries?

Pim de Zwart and Jan Lucassen, Poverty or Prosperity in Northern India? New Evidence on Real Wages, 1590s–1870s, Economic History Review 73 (3): 644–667.Were real wages in the Yangzi delta and Bengal comparable to England's before 1750?